Topic 8 - Globalisation, Green Crime & State Crime Flashcards
What has happened as a result of globalisation?
As a result of globalisation, there is a global criminal economy worth over £1 trillion per annum:
Name 3 crimes affected by globalisation
Trafficking of arms, women, children, body parts, cultural artefacts, nuclear materials and endangered species Smuggling illegal immigrants Sex tourism Cyber-crimes Green crimes International terrorism The drugs trade Smuggling of legal goods
Globalisation and crime - Taylor [2]
Globalisation has created crimes at both ends of the spectrum;
- Has allowed TNCs to switch manufacturing to low-wage countries, producing job insecurity, unemployment, and poverty
- Globalisation has also created inequality, leading to an increase in crime due to resentment and material deprivation.
Globalisation and crime - Glenny [2]
- McMafia - the organisations that emerged in Russia following the fall of communism.
- Glenny traces the origins of transnational organised crime to the breakup of the soviet union, which coincided with the deregulation of global markets, they could buy oil and sell for astronomical prices
Types of criminology - White [2]
Traditional criminology - its subject matter is defined by criminal law and is therefore not concerned with green criminology
Green criminology - the proper subject of criminology is any action that harms the physical environment, and humans or non-human animals within it.
Types of harm - White [2]
Anthropocentric = a human-centred approach. It’s the idea that humans have the right to use the world’s resources and dominate nature. Ecocentric = humans and nature are interdependent. This is the view of green criminologists who see both humans and the environment as liable to exploitation.
What are primary green crimes?
[4]
Primary green crimes - crimes that result directly from the destruction and degradation of the earth’s resources:
Crimes of air pollution
Crimes of deforestation
Crimes of species decline and animal abuse
Crimes of water pollution
What are secondary green crimes?
[3]
Secondary green crimes - crime that grows out of disregarding rules aimed at preventing or regulating environmental disasters:
State violence against oppositional groups
Hazardous waste and organised crime
Environmental discrimination
What is state crime?
State crime can be defined as all forms of crime committed on or behalf of states and governments in order to further their policies
Why is state crime serious? [2]
The scale of state crime - state’s enormous power gives it potential to inflict harm on a huge scale
The state is the source of law - it’s the states role to define what is criminal, so its power means that it can conceal its crimes
Types of state crime [4]
Political crimes (Eg. Corruption and censorship)
Crimes by security and police forces (Eg. Genocide, torture and disappearances of dissidences)
Economic crimes (Eg. Violation of health and safety laws)
Social and cultural crime (Eg. Institutional racism)
Defining state crime [4]
Domestic law - acts regarded as criminal within a state
Labelling & societal reaction - state crime = socially constructed and varies between cultures and groups
International law - law created through treaties and agreements between states
Human rights - states that practice racism, sexism etc are committing crimes as they are denying basic rights
Explaining state crime [2]
Authoritarian personality:
- A willingness to obey the orders of superiors without question e.g. in WW2
Crimes of obedience:
- Many people are willing to obey authority even when this involves harming others, e.g. soldiers are shown propaganda about the ‘enemy’
What neutralisation techniques may offenders use? [5]
denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of victim, condemnation of the condemners, the appeal to higher loyalties.
