Topic 6—A: Stimuli and Responses- 2. Nervous communication Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of receptors

A
  • A cell or protein on a cell surface membrane that detects a stimulus
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2
Q

Examples of types of receptors

A
  • Baroreceptors- type of receptor that detects changes in blood pressure
    (Receptors are specific to one type of stimulus)
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3
Q

Definition of effectors

A
  • A cell that brings about a response to a stimulus, to produce an effect
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4
Q

Examples of effectors

A
  • muscle cells
  • cells found in glands e.g pancreas
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5
Q

How do receptors communicate with effectors?

A
  • via the nervous system or the hormonal system or sometimes using both
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6
Q

What is the nervous system made up of?

A
  • A complex network of cells called neurones
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7
Q

What are the three main types of neurone?

A
  1. Sensory neurone
  2. Motor neurone
  3. Relay neurone
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8
Q

Sensory neurone

A
  • These transmit electrical impulses from receptors to the central nervous system (brain/spinal cord)
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9
Q

Motor neurone

A
  • Transmit electrical impulses from the central nervous system to effectors
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10
Q

Relay neurone

A
  • Transmit electrical impulses between sensory neurones and motor neurones
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11
Q

Nervous communication

A
  • stimulus is detected by receptor cells and an electrical impulse is sent along a sensory neurone
  • When an electrical impulse reaches the end of a neurone chemicals called neurotransmitters take the information across the gap called a synapse to the next neurone where another electrical impulse is generated
  • The CNS processes the information and sends impulses along motor neurones to an effector
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12
Q

Example

A
  • stimulus: you see a friend waving
  • receptors: light receptors (photoreceptors) in your eyes detect the wave. The electrical impulse is carried by a sensory neurone to CNS.
  • CNS: processes information and send an electrical impulse along a motor neurone
  • effectors: muscle cells are stimulated by the motor neurone
    Response- muscles contract to make your arm wave
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13
Q

The nervous response

A
  • when an electrical impulse reaches the end of a neurone chemical messengers called neurotransmitters are secreted directly onto cells e.g muscle cells – so the nervous response is localised
  • neurotransmitters are quickly removed once they’ve done their job so the response is short-lived
  • Electrical impulses are really fast so the response is usually rapid
  • This allows animals to react quickly to stimuli
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14
Q

Simple reflexes

A
  • it is a rapid involuntary response to a stimulus
  • The pathway of communication goes through the spinal cord but not through conscious parts of the brain so the response happens automatically
  • Because you don’t have to spend time deciding on how to respond information travels really fast from receptors to effectors
  • they are protective- they help organisms to avoid damage to the body because the response happens so quickly
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15
Q

Reflex arc

A
  • The pathway of neurones linking receptors to effectors in a simple reflex is called a reflex ark.
  • three neurones are involved
  • Sensory
  • Relay
  • Motor
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