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Biology > Topic 2---A: Cell structure and Division- 1.Eukaryotic Cells and Organelles > Flashcards

Topic 2---A: Cell structure and Division- 1.Eukaryotic Cells and Organelles Flashcards

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1
Q

Examples of Eukaryotic cells

A
  • Animal
  • Plant
  • Algal
  • Fungal
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2
Q

Cell-surface membrane (description)

A

The membrane found on the surface of animal cells and just inside the cell wall of other cells. It’s mainly made of lipids and protein.

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3
Q

Cell-surface membrane (function)

A
  • Regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
  • It has receptor molecules on it which allows it to respond to chemicals like hormones.
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4
Q

Nucleus (description)

A

A large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope (double membrane), which contains many pores. It contains chromosomes (made from protein-bound linear DNA) and also has a nucleolus.

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5
Q

Nucleus (function)

A
  • It controls the cells activities by controlling the transcription of DNA
  • Nuclear pores allow substances to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm
    -Nucleolus makes ribosomes.
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6
Q

Mitochondrian (description)

A

They’re oval- shaped and have a double membrane. The inner one is folded to form a structure called cristae. Inside is the matrix which contains enzymes involved in respiration.

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7
Q

Mitochondrian (function)

A
  • Site of aerboic respiration which produces ATP
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8
Q

Chloroplast (description)

A

It’s a small, flattened structure which are found in plants and algal cells. It’s surrounded by a double membrane and has membranes inside called thylakoid membranes which are stacked up to form grana linked by lamellae.

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9
Q

Chloroplast (function)

A
  • Site where photosynthesis takes place which occurs in the grana or stroma (fluid).
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10
Q

Golgi Apparatus (description)

A

A group of fluid-filled membrane-bound flattened sacs. Vesicles are often seen at the edges of the sacs.

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11
Q

Golgi Apparatus (funcion)

A
  • It processes and packages new lipids and proteins
  • makes lyosomes
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12
Q

Golgi Vesicle (description)

A

A small fluid filled sac in the cytoplasm which is also surrounded by a membrane.

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13
Q

Golgi Vesicle (function)

A
  • Stores lipids and proteins made by the Golgi apparatus
  • Transports them out the cell via the cell-surface membrane.
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14
Q

Lysosome (description)

A
  • A round organelle surrounded by a membrane
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15
Q

Lysosome (function)

A
  • They contain hydrolytic enzymes which can be used to digest invading cells or to break down worn out components of the cell.
  • The hydrolytic enzymes are kept separate from the cytoplasm by the surrounding membrane.
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16
Q

Ribosome (description)

A
  • A very small organelle that floats free in the cytoplasm.
  • Or it can be attatched to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
  • It’s made up of proteins and RNA and isn’t surrounded by a membrane.
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17
Q

Ribosome (function)

A
  • The site where proteins are made.
18
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (description)

A
  • A system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space.
  • Surface is covered with ribosomes.
19
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (function)

A
  • Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes.
20
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (description)

A
  • Similar to rough endoplasmic reticulum but with no ribosomes.
21
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (function)

A
  • Synthesises and processes lipids.
22
Q

Cell wall (description)

A
  • A rigid structure
  • Surrounds cells in plants, algae and fungi.
23
Q

Cell wall (function)

A
  • Supports cells and prevents them from changing shape.
24
Q

What is the cell wall made out of in algae and plants?

A

Cellulose

25
Q

What is the cell wall made out of in fungi?

A

Chitin

26
Q

Cell vacuole (plants) (description)

A
  • Membrane-bound organelle found in the cytoplasm.
  • It contains cell-sap (weak solution of sugar and salts)
  • Surrounding membrane is called the tonoplast.
27
Q

Cell vacuole (function)

A
  • Helps to maintain pressure inside the cell and keep the cell rigid- stops plants wilting.
  • Also involved in the isolation of unwanted chemicals inside the cell.
28
Q

What extra organelles do plant cells have compared to animal cells?

A
  • A cellulose cell wall with plasmodesmata (channels for exchanging substances between adjacent cells)
  • A vacuole (fluid-filled compartment)
  • Chloroplasts (involved in photosynthesis)
29
Q

Features of algal cells?

A
  • They carry out photosynthesis like plants but unlike plants they can be unicellular or multicellular.
  • Chloroplasts in algal cells are a different shape and size to plant chloroplasts so some of them may have 1 large chloroplast rather than several smaller ones.
30
Q

Algal cell (unicellular)

A

Chlorella

31
Q

Algal cell (multicellular)

A

Seaweed

32
Q

Fungal cell (unicellular)

A

Yeast

33
Q

Fungal cell (multicellular)

A

Mushrooms

34
Q

What are the differences with fungal cells compared to plant cells?

A
  • Their cell walls are made of chitin
  • They don’t have chloroplasts as they don’t photosynthesise.
35
Q

How are the epithelial cells in the small intestine adapted to absorb food efficiently ?

A
  • The walls of the small intestine have lots of finger-like projections called villi increasing the surface area for absorption.
  • The epithelial cells on the surface of the villi have folds in their cell-surface membrane called microvilli increasing the surface area even more.
  • They have lots of mitochondria which provides energy for the transport of foods molecules into the cell.
36
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to carry oxygen around the body?

A
  • They have no nucleus making more room for haemoglobin.
37
Q

How are sperm cells adapted?

A
  • They contain a lot of mitochondria to provide the large amounts of energy they need to propel themselves towards the egg.
38
Q

What is the difference between microvilli and villi?

A

Microvilli are foldings in the membrane of a cell and villi are foldings made of many cells.

39
Q

What is cisternae?

A

Tubes making up rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

40
Q

How big is a eukaryotic cell?

A

around 0.1mm

41
Q
A

Biology (54 decks)

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