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Biology > Topic 5— A: Photosynthesis and Respiration- 6. Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration > Flashcards

Topic 5— A: Photosynthesis and Respiration- 6. Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

How can respiration be done?

A

Aerobically (with oxygen) or Anaerobically (without oxygen)

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2
Q

Which type of respiration produces less ATP?

A

Anaerobic respiration

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3
Q

Where do the reactions in aerobic respiration occur?

A

In the mitochondria

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4
Q

What do the folds (cristae) in the inner membrane of the mitochondria provide?

A

A larger surface area to maximise respiration

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5
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

It’s a molecule that aids the function of an enzyme

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6
Q

How to coenzymes aid the function of an enzyme?

A
  • By transferring a chemical group from one molecule to another
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7
Q

Examples of coenzymes used in respiration

A
  • NAD
  • Coenzyme A
  • FAD
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8
Q

What do NAD and FAD do?

A

They transfer hydrogen from one molecule to another.

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9
Q

What does coenzyme A do?

A

It transfers acetate between molecules.

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10
Q

What does it mean when NAD and FAD can reduce?

A
  • Give hydrogen to
  • Reduced NAD is NADH
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11
Q

What does it mean when NAD and FAD can oxidise?

A
  • Take hydrogen from a molecule
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12
Q

What are the four stages in aerobic respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Link reaction
  3. Krebs cycle
  4. Oxidative phosphorylation
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13
Q

What are the first 3 stages in the cycle?

A
  • They are a series of reactions
  • The products from these reactions are used in the final stage to produce lots of ATP.
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14
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytoplasm of cells

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15
Q

What does anaerobic respiration not involve?

A
  • The link reaction, krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
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16
Q

Glycolysis

A
  • Makes pyruvate from glucose
  • Involves splitting one molecule of glucose (6c) into 2 smaller molecules of pyruvate (3c)
  • Anaerobic process as it doesn’t need oxygen to take place
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17
Q

Stages in glycolysis

A
  1. Phosphorylation- glucose is phosphorylated using a phosphate from a molecule of ATP.
    - This creates 1 molecule of glucose phosphate and 1 molecule of ADP.
    - ATP is then used to add another phosphate, forming glucose bi phosphate
    - Glucose bi phosphate is then split into 2 molecules of triose phosphate
  2. Oxidation
    -triose phosphate is oxidised (loses hydrogen) forming 2 molecules of pyruvate.
    - NAD collects the hydrogen ions forming NADH.
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18
Q

Products of glycolysis

A
  • 2 reduced NAD
  • 2 pyruvate
  • 2 ATP (net gain)
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19
Q

What happens with the pyruvate produced in glycolysis in anaerobic respiration?

A
  • pyruvate is converted into ethanol (alcoholic fermentation) or lactate (lactate fermentation) using reduced NAD.
20
Q

Where does alcoholic fermentation occur?

A
  • plants and yeast
21
Q

Where does lactate fermentation occur?

A
  • animal cells and some bacteria
22
Q

What does the production of lactate or ethanol regenerate?

A

oxidised NAD

23
Q

What does it mean when oxidised NAD is regenerated in glycolysis?

A
  • Glycolysis can continue even when there isn’t much oxygen around so a small amount of ATP can still be produced to keep some biological processes going
24
Q

If there is oxygen, what will happen to Pyruvate?

A

It will enter the link reaction

25
Q

If there is no oxygen, what will happen to Pyruvate?

A

It will follow anaerobic respiration so products of glycolysis will be converted into ethanol/ lactate

26
Q

Phosphorylation

A

process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule

27
Q

What happens in the link reaction?

A
  • It converts the pyruvate produced in glycolysis to acetyl coenzyme A
28
Q

Link reaction (stages)

A
  • Pyruvate is decarboxylated so one carbon atom is removed from pyruvate in the form of carbon dioxide.
  • At the same time, pyruvate is oxidised to form acetate and NAD is reduced to form NADH
  • Acetate is then combined with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A
29
Q

Is ATP produced in the link reaction?

A

No

30
Q

How many times does the link reaction occur per glucose molecule ?

A

It happens twice for every glucose molecule

31
Q

Why does the link reaction happen twice for every glucose molecule ?

A
  • two pyruvate molecules are made for every glucose molecule that enters glycolysis
32
Q

Products of link reaction (2 of them) per glucose molecule

A
  • 2 acetyl coenzyme A
  • 2 reduced NAD
  • 2 C02
33
Q

What is the Krebs cycle?

A
  • It produces reduced coenzymes and ATP.
  • Happens twice for every glucose molecule (once for every pyruvate molecule)
  • involves a series of oxidation- reduction reactions which take place in the matrix of the mitochondria.
34
Q

Krebs cycle (stages)

A
  1. Acetyl coenzyme A from the link reaction combines with 4 carbon molecule (oxaloacetate) to form 6 carbon molecule (citrate). Coenzyme A goes back to the link reaction to be used again
  2. The 6 carbon citrate molecule is converted to 5 carbon molecule. Decarboxylation occurs, where carbon dioxide is removed. Dehydrogenisation also occurs. The hydrogen is used to produce NADH from NAD
    - The 5 carbon molecule is then converted to a 4 carbon molecule. Decarboxylation and Dehydrogenation occurs producing one molecule of FADH, 2 molecules of NADH and C02
    - ATP is produced by the direct transfer of a phosphate group from ADP.
    - Citrate has now been converted into Oxaloacetate
35
Q

What is it called when a phosphate group is directly transferred from one molecule to another?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

36
Q

What are the products of the krebbs cycle? (1 cycle) x 2 (for glucose molecule- 2 cycles)

A
  • 1 coenzyme A
  • 2 carbon dioxide
  • 3 NADH
  • 1 FADH
  • 1 ATP
  • 1 oxaloacetate
37
Q

How many times does the krebbs cycle occur per glucose molecule?

A
  • 2 times
38
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  • It’s the process where the energy carried by electrons, from reduced coenzymes (NADH and FADH) is used to make ATP.
  • It involves the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
39
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation (stages)

A
  1. Hydrogen atoms are released from reduced NAD and reduced FAD as they’re oxidised to NAD and FAD. The hydrogen atoms split into protons (H+) and electrons (e-).
  2. The electrons move down the electron transport chain (made up of electron carriers) losing energy at each carrier.
  3. This energy is used by the electron carriers to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space.
  4. The concentration of protons is now higher in the intermembrane space than in the mitochondrial matrix- this forms an electrochemical gradient.
  5. Protons then move down the electrochemical gradient, back across the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the mitochondrial matrix, via ATP synthase (embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane). This movement drives the synthesis of ATP to ADP + pi
  6. This process of ATP production driven by the movement of H+ ions across a membrane (due to electrons moving down an electron transport chain) is called chemiosmosis.
  7. In the mitochondrial matrix, at the end of the transport chain, the protons, electrons and oxygen from the blood combine to form water. Oxygen is said to be the final electron acceptor.
40
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

Process of ATP production driven by the movement of H+ ions across a membrane (due to electrons moving down an electron transport chain.

41
Q

How many ATP are produced from each reduced NAD?

A

2.5 ATP

42
Q

How many ATP are made from each reduced FAD?

A

1.5 ATP

43
Q

How much ATP is made from 1 molecule of glucose in aerobic respiration?

A

32 ATP

44
Q

Glycolysis ATP

A

-2 ATP
-2 reduced NAD (2.5 x 2= 5)
(7)

45
Q

Link reaction ATP (x2 per glucose molecule)

A
  • 2 reduced NAD (2.5 x 2=5)
    (5)
46
Q

Krebbs cycle ATP (x2 per glucose molecule)

A
  • 2 ATP
  • 6 reduced NAD (2.5 x 6= 15)
  • 2 reduced FAD (1.5 x 2= 3)
    (20)

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