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NUR135 > TOPIC 6 > Flashcards

TOPIC 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory system function

A
  • supply O2 to body for energy production
  • removing CO2 as waste product
  • maintaining homeostasis
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2
Q

NOSE
Structure
Function
Development considerations

A
  • Olfactory receptors and cilia lie at roof of nasal cavity
  • warm, filter and humidify inspired air
  • Sphenoid sinus develops at 2-3 years old
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3
Q

MOUTH
Structure
Function
Development considerations

A
  • parotid, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
  • taste
  • secrete saliva to moisten and breakdown food
  • salivations starts at 3months
  • Older adult: atrophic tissue ulcerate easily
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4
Q

PHARYNX & LARYNX
Structure
Function
Development considerations

A
  • extends down from base of skull to 6th cervical vertebra
  • sound production
  • upper opening of the trachea
  • infant/child larynx located more anteriorly
  • Cricoid cartilage narrowest portion in children
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5
Q

NOSE subjective data

A
  • discharge
  • frequent upper respiratory infections
  • sinus pain
  • trauma
  • epistaxis
  • altered smell
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6
Q

MOUTH & THROAT subjective data

A
  • sores/lesions
  • sore throat
  • bleeding gums
  • dysphagia
  • altered taste
  • smoking history
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7
Q

Lungs
Size and Lobes

A

Right lung
- shorter (underlying liver)
- 3 lobes

Left lung
- narrower (heart bulge)
- 2 lobes

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8
Q

Facts about pleurae

A
  • visceral pleura
  • negative pressure (holds lungs tightly to chest wall)
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9
Q

What happens on inspiration

A
  • sternum elevates
  • ribs elevate
  • diaphragm descends
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10
Q

What happens on expiration

A
  • ribs depress
  • ribs depress
  • viscera compress
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11
Q

Lungs - Developmental considerations on the older adult

A
  • decreased vital capacity
  • increase residual volume
  • decrease gas exchange
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12
Q

Respiratory subjective data

A
  • cough
  • shortness of breath
  • pain with breathing
  • history of respiratory infections
  • smoking history
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13
Q

3 types of breath sounds

A
  • bronchial
  • bronchovesicular
  • vesicular
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14
Q

What is Adventitious breath sounds

A
  • added sounds not normally heard in the lung
  • crackles, wheeze, stridor
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15
Q

Respiratory objective data

A
  • note shape of chest wall
  • level of consciousness
  • quality of respirations
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16
Q

Abnormal finding of thorax

A
  • barrel chest
  • scoliosis
17
Q

Abnormal respiration patterns

A
  • tachypnoea
  • bradypnea
  • hyperventiliation
  • hypoventilation
  • cheyne-stokes respiration
  • biots respiration
18
Q

Signs of respiratory distress

A
  • dyspnoea
  • RR below 5 or above 36
  • nasal flaring
  • tracheal tug
  • use of intercostal muscles
  • cyanosis
  • hypotension
19
Q

Types of inhaled medication

A

SABA (Salbutamol)
- short acting beta
- beta 2 receptor agonist

LABA (Salmeterol)
- long acting beta
- beta 2 receptor agonist

20
Q

Salbutamol
Drug class
Dose/frequency
Mode of action
Effects

A
  1. Beta 2 receptor antagonist

2.
Asthma - 1-2 (100-200mcg) when required
COPD - 4-8 (400-800mcg) 1-6 hrs
Life threatening - 4 inhalations every 4 minutes. MET if no improvements

  1. Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle and facilitates bronchodilation
  2. tremor, headache
21
Q

Skin - structure and function

A

epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous

  • sensory perception, temperature regulation, absorption and excretion and wound repair
22
Q

SKIN Developmental considerations INFANTS

A

lanugo - fine downy hair
vernix - thick, cheesy substance
sebum - holding water in the skin producing milia

23
Q

SKIN Developmental considerations CHILDREN

A
  • epidermis thickens, darkens and becomes lubricated
  • hair growth accelerates
24
Q

SKIN Developmental considerations ADOLESCENTS

A
  • secretions from apocrine sweat glands increase
  • subcutaneous fat deposits increase
  • secondary sex characteristics
25
Q

SKIN Developmental considerations AGEING ADULT

A
  • loss elasticity (collagen stiffening)
  • sweat and sebaceous glands (decreased extracellular water and surface lipids) dry skin
  • bruise easily
  • Skin breakdown (slower cell replacement - delayed wound healing)
  • decrease functioning melanocytes
26
Q

Skin - subjective data

A
  • change in pigmentation
  • change in mole (size, colour)
  • excessive bruising
  • rash, sores, lesions
  • birthmarks
  • falls (trauma)
27
Q

Skin - objective data

A
  • moisture
  • texture
  • thickness
  • oedema
  • mobility and turgor
  • vascularity or bruising
28
Q

ABCDEF skin assessment

A

Asymmetry
Boarder irregularity
Colour variations
Diameter >6mm
Evolution or elevation
Funny looking

29
Q

Primary Skin Lesions

A

Macule
- flat area with change in skin colour (freckle)

Papule
elevated solid lesion (wart)

Vesicle
superficial collection of serous fluid (varicella)

Plaque
elevated superficial solid lesion (psoriasis)

Wheal
irregularly shaped area (insect bite)

Pustule
elevated superficial lesion filled with purulent fluid (acne)

30
Q

Secondary Skin Lesions

A

Fissure
crack/break from epidermis to dermis (corner of mouth)

Scale
dead epidermis from abnormal keratinisation and shedding (flaking skin from sunburn)

Scar
abnormal formation of connective tissue replacing normal skin (healed wound)

Ulcer
loss of epidermis into dermis ; crater and irregular (pressure ulcer)

Atrophy
depression in skin from thinning epidermis/dermis (aged skin)

Excoriation
missing epidermis exposed dermis (abrasion)

31
Q

Psoriasis
characteristics & symptoms

A
  • Autoimmune condition - build up of skin cells
  • silver scaling in thick red patches
  • develops on joints, hands, scalp, neck, feet, face
  • red, inflammation, itchy
  • bleed due to cracking
32
Q

Eczema
characteristics & symptoms

A
  • Inherited inflammatory skin condition
  • dryness, redness, itchiness, weeping
33
Q

Alopecia
characteristics & symptoms

A
  1. Androgenetic alopecia (pattern hair loss)
  2. Alopecia areata (autoimmune condition)
  3. Telogen effluvium (shock causes body temporarily hair loss)
  • itchy, burning
34
Q

Nail Clubbing
characteristics & symptoms

A
  • overgrowth of soft tissue (curvature of nail bed)
  • chronic low blood oxygen level
  • softening of nail beds
  • downward curvature of nail
35
Q

Hydrocortisone
drug class
mode of action
dose
effects

A
  1. corticosteroids
  2. anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive against fibroblasts (vasoconstrictive)
  3. 1 or 2x daily
  4. burning, steroid rosacea, delayed wound healing

NUR135 (18 decks)

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