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NUR135 > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is in the Right Upper quadrant?

A

Liver
Duodenum
Head of pancreas
Right Kidney & adrenal gland
Part of ascending and transverse colon

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2
Q

What is in the Left Upper quadrant?

A

Stomach
Spleen
Left lobe of liver
Body of pancreas
Left Kidney & adrenal gland
Part of transverse and descending colon

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3
Q

What is in the Right Lower quadrant?

A

Appendix

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4
Q

What is in the Left Lower quadrant?

A

Part of descending colon
Sigmoid colon

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5
Q

What are some anatomical considerations in INFANTS?

A
  • Liver takes up proportionately more space in abdomen at birth
  • Urinary bladder located higher in abdomen
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6
Q

What are some anatomical considerations in EARLY CHILDHOOD?

A
  • Abdominal wall less muscular
  • Urinary bladder located higher in abdomen
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7
Q

What are some anatomical considerations in OLDER ADULTS?

A
  • Oesophageal emptying and gastric acid secretion are delayed
  • Liver size decreases (drug metabolism impaired)
  • Colon may be slower
  • Urge to empty bowl may be reduced
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8
Q

What is a normal bowl function?

A
  • opening as much as 3 times per day or as little as once every 3 days
  • motion should pass without straining and with a feeling of complete emptiness
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9
Q

What is constipation?

A
  • Difficulty passing stools or infrequent bowel movements (lass than 2 motions a week)
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10
Q

Types of constipation?

A

Functional: normal transit constipation

Mechanical: obstructive emptying (ex. IDB)

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11
Q

What is a Bowel Obstruction?

A
  • When lumen of the bowel becomes partially or completely blocked
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12
Q

Common causes of constipation?

A
  • Decreased physical activity
  • Dehydration
  • Side effects of medication
  • IBS
  • Bowel obstruction
  • Inadequate toilet facilities
  • Difficulty ambulating to toilet
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13
Q

Signs and Symptoms of constipation?

A
  • Abdominal discomfort
  • Reduced appetite
  • Headache
  • Trouble passing stool
  • Straining
  • Feeling as though bowels are not completely empty
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14
Q

What are some constipation management?

A

Fibre
- Men 30mg/day
- Woman 25mg/day

Fluid
- Men 2.6L/day
- Woman 2L/day

Increase level of physical activity

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15
Q

Pharmacology of Constipation

A

Faecal Softening Laxatives
- Docusate
- mixture of water and fatty substances to make softer

Osmotic Laxatives
- Glycerol suppositories, lactulose)
- Increases the volume of fluid in the intestinal lumen and induce peristalsis

Stimulant Laxatives
- Senna, Bisacodyl
- Increase peristalsis in the colon by irritating intramural sensory nerve plexi ending in the intestinal mucosa

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16
Q

Symptoms of bowel obstruction in the small intestine?

A

Small Intestine
- Abdominal pain/cramping
- Inability to pass faeces
- Vomiting
- Diarrhoea/overflow
- Inability to pass gas

17
Q

Symptoms of bowel obstruction in the large intestine?

A
  • Constipated that becomes worse
  • distended abdomen
  • cramping pain
  • vomiting
  • inability to pass gas
18
Q

People are risk of bowel obstruction?

A
  • Have had abdominal or pelvic surgery
  • Has Crohns disease
  • have abdominal or intestinal cancer
  • have twisting of the intestines
  • have diverticulitis
19
Q

Steps taken in a hospital to manage Bowel Obstruction?

A
  • Primary A-E assessment
  • Nil by mouth
  • IV fluids
  • Pain relief
  • Nasogastric tube
  • Surgery
20
Q

Additional causes of GIT upset?

A
  • Lactose intolerance
  • Celiac disease (autoimmune gluten intolerance)
21
Q

Common causes of nausea and vomiting?

A
  • Illness/infection
  • GORD
  • Medications
  • Bowel obstruction
  • Kidney stones
  • Appendicitis
  • Post-operative
  • Pancreatitis
22
Q

GI assessment - subjective data

A
  • Appetite
  • Dysphagia
  • food intolerance
  • abdominal pain
  • bowel habits
  • medications
  • nausea and vomiting
  • pattern of eating
23
Q

GI assessment - objective data (assessments to do)

A
  • Vital signs
  • Abdominal assessment
  • Pain assessment
24
Q

Layers of heart wall?

A
  • Pericardium
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
25
Q

What is Cardiac Output?

A

CO = HR X SV

Preload and afterload affect the hearts ability to increase cardiac output

26
Q

Preload

A

Venous return that builds during diastole

27
Q

Afterload

A

Opposing pressure ventricle must generate to open aortic valve against higher aortic pressure

28
Q

Considerations of the cardiovascular system in INFANTS AND CHILDREN?

A
  • Birth: change in oxygenated blood from being the placenta to via the lungs
  • 1 year: left ventricle mass reaches the adult ration 2:1
29
Q

Physiological considerations of the cardiovascular system in OLDER ADULTS?

A
  • Increase BP: thickening & stiffening of large arteries
  • Increase L Ventricular wall thickness
  • Diastolic BP may drop over the age of 60
  • Increased incidence of bundle branch block
30
Q

Cardiovascular Disease?

A

Most common = coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure

31
Q

Hypertension?

A

BP 140/90 or higher

  • Increases with age
  • hypertensive disease causes damage to heart and other organs
32
Q

Congestive cardiac failure AND Peripheral arterial disease - risk?

A

75+ at 10 times higher risk if underlying conditions is present (diabetes)

33
Q

Risk factors to cardiovascular conditions?

A
  • Smoking
  • Increased serum cholesterol
  • Poor physical activity
34
Q

Cardiovascular assessment - subjective data?

A
  • Chest pain
  • Cough
  • Fatigue
  • Cyanosis or pallor
  • Oedema
  • Past cardiac history
  • Family History
35
Q

Additional History for INFANTS?

A
  • Maternal health
  • Feeding patterns
  • Growth and activity (meeting developmental outcomes)
36
Q

Additional History for CHILDREN?

A
  • Growth and activity (meeting developmental outcomes)
  • Evidence of chest pain?
  • History of respiratory infections?
  • Significant family history (genetic abnormalities)
37
Q

Additional History to know for OLDER ADULTS?

A
  • Medical history
  • Medications
  • Environment
  • Impacts on ADL
38
Q

Cardiovascular assessment - objective data?

A

Inspection
- jugular venous pulse
- anterior chest for pulsations

Palpation
- carotid arteries one at a time
- apical pulse (size, location, amplitude, duration)
- across the precordium for pulsations

Auscultation
- apical pulse

NUR135 (18 decks)

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