Topic 18: Kingdom Fungi

Question 1

4 Characteristics of Fungi

Answer 1

1. Hyphae and Mycelium
2. Chitinous Cell Wall
3. Absorptive Nutrition
4. Spore Production

Question 2

Hyphae

Answer 2

long, thread-like filaments

Question 3

Mycelium

Answer 3

The collective network of hyphae, which increases surface area for nutrient absorption.

Question 4

Chitin

Answer 4

A strong, flexible carbohydrate that provides structural support and protection.

Question 5

Absorptive Nutrition

Answer 5

Secrete enzymes to break down large complex molecule. Obtain nutrients by absorbing dissolved organic compounds directly from the external environment.Can digest cellulose, lignin, chitin, and keratin.

Question 6

How do fungi get nutrients?

Answer 6

They grow underground, using hyphae to absorb nutrients.

Question 7

What do early-diverging fungi lack?

Answer 7

Hyphae

Question 8

Yeast don’t produce …

Answer 8

hyphae

Question 9

Coenocytic Fungi (aseptate)

Answer 9

Early lineages lack septa or dividing walls within their hyphae. Instead form a continuous compartment containing numerous nuclei but no dividing cell walls.

Question 10

Septate Fungi

Answer 10

Later evolving groups, nuclear division are accompanied by the formation of septa (cross-wall) that divide the cytoplasm into separate cells.

Question 11

How does Hyphae enhance nutrient absorption?

Answer 11

• Thin
• Grow at the tips, not width
• Maximizes surface area-volume ratio
  -Protected by chitin

Question 12

Is there alternation of generation in fungi?

Answer 12

NO

Question 13

Monokaryotic

Answer 13

Separated nuclei in Septate hyphae

Question 14

Homokaryotic

Answer 14

Mixed Nuclei in Coenocytic

Question 15

6 Steps to Fungal Sexual Reproduction

Answer 15

1) Sexual Signals
2) Plasmogamy
3) Heterokaryon
4) Mitosis
5) Karyogamy
6) Meoisis

Question 16

Plasmogamy

Answer 16

The merging of cytoplasm from two parental mycelia.

Question 17

Heterokaryon

Answer 17

Stage in between plasmo and karyo. Where multiple genetically distinct haploid nuclei cohabit.

Question 18

Karyogamy

Answer 18

Haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid cell and creates a BRIEF zygote.

Question 19

Asexual Reproduction

Answer 19

Fragmentation, Budding, Spores.

Question 20

Budding

Answer 20

unicellular yeasts reproduces through asymmetric mitosis, where small bud cell emerges from the parent cell.

Question 21

Opisthokonts Clade

Answer 21

Fungi, animals, and protist relatives.

Question 22

Kingdom of Fungi is …

Answer 22

monophyletic

Question 23

Dikarya

Answer 23

most fungi belong to this subkingdom, characterized by the formation of septate hyphae and the development of dikaryotic hyphae after plasmogamy.
- The heterkaryon continually grows.
Includes all edible mushroom.

Question 24

Clade Opsthosporidia

Answer 24

• basal fungal lineage
• Most similar to ancestral protists
• cryptomycetes
• microsporidians

Question 25

Cryptomycetes

Answer 25

- aquatic, - unicellular, - flagellated spores, -lack chitinous cell walls, - many are parasites

Question 26

Microsporidians

Answer 26

- spore-forming, - unicellular parasites of animals; - lack flagellated spores

Question 27

Chytrids

Answer 27

Flagellated spores known as Zoospores

Question 28

Zoopagomycetes:

Answer 28

- evolution of hyphae -movement to terrestrial

Question 29

Mucoromycetes

Answer 29

- Has zoospores - Exhibits zygosporangia

Question 30

Ascomycetes

Answer 30

- most diverse -wood-rotting fungi - makes both sexual and asexual spores - dikarya heterokaryon (continually grows)

Question 31

Basidiomycetes

Answer 31

- Club shaped structures called basidia - fruiting bodies (toadstool, mushrooms) - decomposers - Dikarya heterokaryon

Question 32

Saprotrophs

Answer 32

Organisms that obtain nutrients by decomposing organic matter from dead organism or waste material

Question 33

Endophytes

Answer 33

-fungus plant mutualism - reside in the leaves of plants

Question 34

Mycorrhizae

Answer 34

- fungus - plant mutualism - fungi and plant roots - has two main types - Ecto = w/o penetrating - Endo (arbuscular) = penetrating

Question 35

Lichens

Answer 35

- mutualistic - algae, bacteria with fungi - protective environment

Question 36

Animal Fungus mutualism

Answer 36

Share digestive services.

Question 37

Plant-parasite

Answer 37

- ergot - dutch elm disease - blue stain fungus

Question 38

Invertebrate- parasitic

Answer 38

Have chitin exoskeleton (which can be digested)

Question 39

Vertebrate - Parasitic Fungi

Answer 39

outside = cutaneous mycosis inside = systemic mycosis

Question 40

Nucleariid

Answer 40

What fungi are the closest related to

Question 41

Zoospore

Answer 41

Flagellated sperm in Chytrids

Question 42

Zygosporangia

Answer 42

Dormant heterokaryon in Dikarya

Question 43

Ascocarp

Answer 43

Specialized fruiting bodies that hold sexual spores in ascomycetes

Question 44

Asci

Answer 44

Sac-like structures in ascocarps

Question 45

Conidia

Answer 45

The tips of specialized hyphae conidiophores

Question 46

Basidia

Answer 46

Club-like structure in Basidiomycetes

Question 47

Basidiospore

Answer 47

Produced by meiosis from basidia.