Topic 1 Introduction Abridged Flashcards
physis=
logos =
physis= nature
logos = study
____ structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
____ functions of the body’s structural machinery; the science of life
Anatomy
Physiology
Principle of Complementarity of ____ and ____
What a (1) can do depends on its specific form
Structure and Function
____Study of the large body structures
Subdivisions of (1)
____all structures in an area examined at the same time
____studied by system
____internal structures as they relate to underlying skin surface
Gross/ Macroscopic Anatomy
Regional Anatomy
Systemic Anatomy
Surface Anatomy
____ Not visible study of anatomy
Subdivisions of (1)
____ Study of cells
____ Study of tissues
Microscopic Anatomy (invisible)
Cytology
Histology
____ traces structural changes in an individual from conception through old age
____Only the development changes before birth
Developmental Anatomy
Embryology
____ Urine production and kidney function
____ Explains the workings of the nervous system
____ Examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels
____ Hormones
____ Mechanisms of disease
Renal Physiology
Neurophysiology
Cardiovascular physiology
Endocrinology
Pathophysiology
mechanical, physical, and biochemical function of humans
Human Physiology
Hierarchy of structural organization:
Atoms combined
Made of molecules
Similar types of cells
MAde up of different tissues
that work closely together
Made up of systems
Chemical
Cellular
Tissues
Organs
Organ system
Organismal
11 Organ systems of the body:
External body, skin, vitamin D
Supports body organs, framework
Muscles and tendons, locomotion
Fast-acting control system
Transports blood
Picks up fluid leaked, immunity
Blood supplied with oxygen
Breaks down food
Eliminates waste
Production of offspring
Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Nervous System
Cardiovascular System
Lymphatic System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Urinary System
Reproductive system (male and female)
Necessary Life Functions (8)
Maintaining Boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth
Maintaining Boundaries
_____ Allow needed substances in while preventing harmful substances entry
Membrane
____ Done by the muscular system by the shortening of muscle also known as _____
Movement, Contractility
Ability to sense changes in the environment and react to them
Nervous system bears majority of the responsibility for responsiveness
Responsiveness (irritability)
____ Break down ingested food so it can be absorbed into the blood. Nutrient rich blood is distributed to the body through cardiovascular system
Digestion
_____ All chemical reactions that occur within the body cells
Breaking down compex substances into simpler building blocks ____
Making larger structures from smaller ones ____
Nutrients and oxygen to produce molecules of ____ also known as ____
Metabolism
Catabolism
Anabolism
ATP
Cellular Respiration
Removing waste from the body
____ removes indigestible food residues in feces
____ disposes of nitorgenous waste in urine
Excretion
Digestive System
Urinary System
____ Production of offspring
Cellular reproduction (___) produces 2 identical daughter cells
Organismal reproduction is _____
Organs produce ____ and ____ and is redualted by the endocrine system
Reproduction
Mitosis
Sexual Reproduction
Sperm and Egg
Survival needs (5)
Nutrients (Food)
Oxygen ( 20% air)
Water (60 - 80%)
Temperature (37 C)
Atmospheric Pressure
The ___ of the body
by ____
Describes how the human body maintains steady levels of temperature and other vital conditions
The wisdom of the body
Walter Cannon
____ Ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions
Sometimes called a ____ (balance)
Homeostasis
Dynamic Equilibrium (balance)
The three basic parts of homeostatic systems starting from a stimulus:
(+2 in-betweens)
Detects change(stimulus/stress) and sends input
Determines appropriate action
Causes response when triggered by output
Receptor
Input - afferent pathway
Control Center
Output - efferent pathway
Effector
Negative Feedback Mechanism
The net effect is that the output of the system _____
or it shuts off the ____
The variable will change in a direction ____ to the initial change
body temp. breathing rate and depth, blood levels of glucose
decreases
original stimulus
opposite
Liver regulates glucose through the use of ___ and glucose typically transforms into ___
Pancreatic Hormones
Glycogen
____The physiological value around which the NORMAL RANGE fluctuates
Goal of negative feedback mechanisms ____
Set point
Prevent severe changes within the body
Glucose levels negative feedback:
Stimulus:
The first organ ____ produces ____ which stimulates ____ formation in the ____ the second organ
the opposite can be true to rise it
Blood glucose levels up
Pancreas
Insulin
Glycogen
liver
____ Enhances input and exaggerates the original stimulus so output is accelerated
A change that proceeds in the ___
Blood clotting, labor contractions
Positive Feedback systems
Same Direction
Break or Tear in Blood vessel wall
Clotting occurs as ____ adhere to site and release chemicals
Released chemicals attract more
Clotting procceds until break is sealed by newly formed clot
Platelets
head of baby pushes against the ___ which transmits nerve impulses
Brain stimulates the ___ to secrete ____ that stimulates uterine contractions
cervix
pituitary gland
oxytocin
When a negative feedback loop is overwhelmed, a positive feedback loop takes over ____
Pathological situations
Factors that may lead to a less stable internal conditions
age, Injury, disease, environmental changes, genetic mutations
How much of a deviation from the set point is tolerated
____: How much of a deviation from the set point is needed for the sensor to detect
Time necessary for generation of the ____
How rapidly ____ respond to the signals
Sensitivity of the system
Nature of the stressor
Effector signals
Effector organs
