Renal Physiology 2 Flashcards
Each Nephron has a region called the _____ is a specialized structure formed by the ____ and ____
_____ cells that are mechanoreceptors that directly sense the blood pressure in the afferent arterioles
_____ cells chemo/osmoreceptors that detect changes in the solute content of the filtrate
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
Distal convoluted tubule and glomerular afferent arteriole
Juxtaglomerular cells
Macula densa
Nephron Functions:
Production of ____ the plasma-derived fluid
_____ of organic nutrients, water and ions
_____ of waste products INTO ____
Filtrate
Reabsorption
Secretion INTO tubular fluid
Glomerulus anatomy:
____ has ____ meaning it has a lot of pores which allows these capillaries to reclaim substances
___ the outer layer and the visceral layer that clings to the glomerulus, it is made up of ____. Has structural role only. No part in forming filtrate.
______ Made up of epithelial cells known as ____ which have ____ which are the openings in between. It serves a purpose in reclaiming important solutes/susbtances in the body.
The ____ it is the actual filter that lies between the blood and the glomerular capsule. It’s like a strainer. If it’s not functional blood cells and protein shows up in urine.
These all allows small molecuels smaller than ___ in diameter. Water glucose, amino acids, nitrogenous waste frelly flows into the renal tubule. Those larger than ____ to ____ are barred, like proteins and red blood cells
Glomerular Capillary Endothelium
Fenestrations
Parietal layer
Squamous epithelium
Podocyte Visceral layer
Podocyte
Filtration slits
Filtration Membrane
3 nanometer
7 to 9 nanometer
Basic processes of Urine Formation:
- ____
Largely passive, non-selective process where fluids and solutes are forced through a memberane through hydrostatic pressure.
> Water and Solutes out of the blood.
Filtration rate, ____ L of FILTRATE daily
- ____
>water and molecules from the ____ back into the blood which happens in the ____. - ____
> Waste products into the ____
1) Glomerular Filtration
>Filtration rate, 180 L / daily
2) Tubular reabsorption
Tubules
Proximal Convoluted Tubule PCT
3) Tubular Secretion
Distal Convoluted tubule DCT
Glomerular Filtration:
The fluid that enters the ____ is called the ____ (because it is formed under the hydrostatic pressure of the blood) fed by the _____ and released by ____
____ Volume produced by kidneys per minute ____ per minute or ____ a day
Glomerular Capsule
Ultrafiltrate
Afferent arteriole
Efferent Arteriole
Glomerular Filtration Rate GFR
125 mL per minute
180 L a day
Forces that determine Glomerular Filtration:
____ helpful in pushing the substances in the blood to the glomerular space at 55 mmHg
Forces opposing:
____ specifically the ___ which is at 30 mmHg
_____ some pressure that pushes back the substances at 15 mmHg
Total net filtration rate NFR: _____
Glomerular (blood) Hydrostatic pressure
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
albumin
Capsular Hydrostatic pressure
10 mmHg
_____ Pressure responsible for filtrate formation
NFP = HPg - (OPg + HPc)
= 60 mmHg - (28 mmHg + 15 mmHg)
= 60 mmHg - (43 mmHg)
= 17 mmHg
HPg =
OPg =
HPc =
Net Filtration Pressure NFP
HPg = Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure
OPg = Glomerular Osmotic Pressure
HPc = Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure
_____ Amount of filtrate produced in the kidney per minute (180 L/day).
Is directly proportional to the net filtration rate
Glomerular Filtration Rate GFR
Factors that alter filtration pressure change GFR:
____ (medication ____ GFR)
____ ( ___ GFR)
___________________________________________________________
A drop in filtration pressure stimulates ____
Release ____ that regulate the blood volume and blood pressure
____ (___) hormone that stimulates the red blood marrow to produce red blood cells
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
High BP (medication lowers GFR)
Sympathetic Activation (lower GFR)
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
Renin
Erythropoietin (EPO)
REGULATION of GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE
_____ or dilation of ____ arterioles affects the RATE of BLOOD FLOW to the glomerulus, and thus affects the ___. Changes in the diameter result from both:
- EXTRINSIC regulatory mechanisms
(produced by ____)
- its activation causes constriction of the (2) arterioles which DECREASES filtrate formation.
Again, stimulates ____ released by the Juxtaglomerular cells.
- _____
(those within kidneys, also termed ____).
Enables the kidneys to maintain a relatively constant renal blood pressure and GFR - ______ mediated by the Juxtaglomerular cells, raises systemic blood pressure via generation of ____, which promotes ____ secretion
Vasoconstriction
Afferent arterioles
Sympathetic nerve innervation
Renin
INTRINSIC regulatory mechanisms
Renal autoregulation
Renin-angiostensin system
Angiotensin II
Aldosterone secretion
REGULATION OF GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE
What are the purposes of the mechanisms used to regulate the glomerular filtration rate?
1)
2)
1) so GFR is high enough so kidneys can eliminate waste
2) regulate blood pressure, but not high enough to cause water loss
The macula densa are sensitive to the concentration of ____.
A decrease initiates a signal which causes.
1) ____
increases ____ and helps ___ toward normal
2) increases ____ from the juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent and efferent arterioles, an essential component of ____ that regulates BLOOD PRESSURE and VOLUME
Sodium Chloride
Decreases resistance to blood flow in afferent arterioles
Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure HPg
Glomerulus Filtration Rate GFR
Renin
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
If SYSTEMIC BLOOD PRESSURE IS HIGH : AFFERENT ARTERIAL ____ : ____ BLOOD FLOW TO GLOMERULUS
IF SYSTEMIC BLOOD PRESSURE IS LOW: AFFERENT ARTERIAL ____: _____ BLOOD FLOW TO GLOMERULUS
High:
Afferent Arterial Constrict
Restrict blood flow
Low:
Afferent Arterial Vasodilates
Increase blood flow
