Cellular Homeostasis and Metabolism Flashcards
The concept of homeostasis was explained by ____
The word homeostasis
was coined by ____
Claude Bernard
Walter Bradford Cannon
a self-regulating process by which a living organism
can maintain internal stability while adjusting to changing external conditions
Homeostasis
to generate energy needed to power life sustaining cellular activities what do cells need?
nutrient
oxygen
elimination
of acid-forming carbon dioxide
Food + Oxygen =
Carbondioxide + water + Energy
What causes homeostatic imbalance?
failure of negative feedback processes
Negative Feedback example
temperature regulation
Animals that are capable of maintaining their body temperature within a given range are called
homeotherms
____ located in ____detect temperature fluctuations in the body.
Thermoreceptors
hypothalamus
Increased temperature
causes ____ (blood vessels near the surface of the skin dilate)
Decreased temperature causes ____ (blood vessels
constrict)
vasodilatation
vasoconstriction
Negative Feedback (4)
Factor
Sensor
Integrating Center
Effector
Factor: Blood Pressure Increases
Sensor
Integrating Center
Effector
Factor: Blood Pressure Increases
Sensor: Receptors in carotids
Integrating Center: Brain
Effector: Decrease Heart Rate
occurs when the output of a system acts to enhance the changes of the input of the system
positive feedback loop
Positive Feedback example
onset of
contractions in childbirth
When a contraction occurs, the hormone ____ is released into the body, which stimulates further contractions.
This is called the ____ reflex
oxytocin
Ferguson
What hormones do oxytocin produce?
Prostaglandins
sum of chemical reactions that take place in living cells
Metabolism
Metabolism in cells are carried out by the control of specialized proteins called ____
enzymes
break down foodstuffs into smaller molecules, thereby generating both a useful form of energy
drive the synthesis of the
many other molecules that form the cell
Catabolic Pathway
Anabolic Pathway
____ which states that the amount of disorder in
the universe must always increase is satisfied when the cell grows and divides.
the second law of thermodynamics which
Raised brick to the floor
Potential energy due to position
Kinetic Energy
Heat Energy
Two Hydrogen gas molecules, one oxygen gas molecules to heat
Chemical bond energy in H2 and O2
Rapid molecular motions of H2O
Heat Energy
Battery to Fan
Chemical Bond Energy
Electrical Energy
Kinetic Energy
Sunlight , Chlorophyll molecule to Photosynthesis
Electromagnetic light energy
Chemical bond energy
removal of electrons from a molecule and results in a decrease in the energy
content of the molecule
an energy-releasing reaction
Oxidation
Dehydrogenation reactions
the addition of electrons to a molecule, and results in an
increase in the energy content of the molecule
Reduction
Lowering the ___ activation energy greatly increases the probability of reaction.
Perhaps through unusually energetic collision
activation energy
Each enzyme has an ___ to which one or two substrate molecules bind, forming an ____. A reaction occurs at the active site, producing an _____.
active site
enzyme-substrate complex
enzyme-product complex
