Nervous system Flashcards
_____Receive and send informatioin. Communicates and controls.
Works with ___ system to regulate and maintain homeostasis
Communicate by means of electrical signals (___, ___)
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Rapid, Specific
Parts of the nervous system (4)
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Ganglia
Information processing (5)
Sensor
Sensory input (PNS)
Integration (CNS)
Motor Output (PNS)
Effector
Supporting cells are known as GLIAL cells
NEUROGLIA IN THE CNS
____ scavenger cells that resemble tissue macrophages. Removes debris resulting from injury infection and disease. Uses phagocytosis
____ Resemble stars. Their threadlike branches attach to neurons and to small blood vessels holding both structures together
___ Form a two-layer structure called the ____ (BBB) It protects brain from harmful chemicals that might be found in the blood
____ Wrap and insulate with myelin sheath
____ Line cavities in the brain and spinal cord> Create, secrete, circulate cerebrospinal fluid
NEUROGLIA IN THE CNS
Microglia
Astrocytes
Astrocyte branches
Blood Brain Barrier
Oligodendrites
Ependymal cells
NEUROGLIA IN THE PNS
____ Insulate, help form a myelin sheath as well but in the PNS. They are also called ____
____ Surround neuron cell bodies and regulate the chemical environment
Schwann cells
Neurolemmocytes
Satellite cells
Form the myelin sheath around the axon (2)
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
The nodes of the axons in between myelin sheaths are called the ____
Allows for travel to be faster since action potentials only have to occur at these sites
nodes of ranvier
Diseases of Nervous tissue:
_____Autoimmune disease triggered by a virus
The ___ and ____ of the CNS deteriorate and are replaced by scar tissue
____ are severed
occur between 20-40 yrs old usually
This causes a loss of impulse conduction
Multiple sclerosis
Oligodendrocytes
Myelin sheaths
Nerve fibers
Diseases of Nervous tissue:
Common symptoms of multiple sclerosis (4)
Normal conduction of action potential relies on the insulating properties of myelin. Thus, it causes these neurological consequences
visual problems
muscle weakness
clumsiness
eventual paralysis
Diseases of Nervous tissue:
____ Hereditary disorder seen in infants of ____ ancestry. Causes neuronal degradation and demyelination. Usually has a “Cherry red spot” in the ___ of the eye and narrowing of blood vessels.
The gene affected is the ___
It has a deficiency in ____
It is the accumulation of ____ in the myelin sheath which causes the disruption of signals
Symptoms appear before 1 yrs old and death by 3 or 4
Tay-Sachs disease
Eastern European Jewish Ancestry
Macula
HEXA gene
beta-Hexosaminidase A
Glycolipid (GM2)
Diseases of Nervous tissue:
Common symptoms of Tay-Sachs disease (6)
Blindness
Loss of Coordination
Dementia
Macrocephaly
Hypotony
Convulsions
_____ Fundamental unit of the nervous system specialized to transmit information to different parts of the body
Has extreme longevity
They are ___ so they can’t divide
It has a high metabolic rate so it needs ___ and ___
Neurons
Amitotic
Glucose and Oxygen
Elements of Basic Life Support:
Cardiac Irritability
Brain damage not Likely
Brain damage possible
Brain damage very likely
Irreversible brain damage
0 to 1 minute
0 to 4 minutes
Brain damage not likely
4 to 6 minutes
Brain damage possible
Brain damage very likely
6 to 10 minutes
Beyond 10 mins
Dissolution of Nissl bodies and is part of a neuron’s regenerative response. The regeneration of an Axon.
It is the reinnervation of a target like a muscle
Chromatolysis and Wallerian degeneration
Neurons:
- Main metabolic and genetic center of the neuron.
Neuron receives synaptic input from other neuron
2.Main direct recipients of signals from other neurons. Accounts for 90% of the surface area available for synaptic contact
- Conveys the output of the cell to other neurons
- Cell body
- Dendrites
- Axon
Three functional components of neurons
____ Cell Body + Dendrites
_____ Axon hillock, node of ranvier, schwann cells
_____ Terminal buttons
Input region
Conduction component
Secretory
____ always release neurotransmitter that excites ____
Some ____ excites/inhibits the ____
This includes the neurotransmitters (2)
Sensory neurons
Postsynaptic neuron
Interneurons
Postsynaptic neuron
Excitatory neurotransmitters
Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
_____
Increase postsynaptic membrane permeability to Na+
_____ is reached for message to be sent
_____
Decrease permeability to Na+
Decrease chance the nerve impulse will occur usually with influx of ___
Excitatory Neurotransmitters
Threshold
Inhibitory neurotransmitter
Cl-
Structural classification of neurons
A. Dendrite, Axon Cell Body
B. DendriteS, Cell body, Axon
C. Axon to skin and muscle, cell body, central axon, axon terminals
D. Others (3)
Unipolar cell
Invertebrate neuron
Bipolar cell
Retina cell
Pseudo-unipolar cell
Ganglion cell of dorsal root
D.
Motor neuron
Pramidal cell
Pukinje cell of cerebellum
Functional Classification of Neurons
____ Carry impulse from sense organs to CNS
____ Connect sensory and motor neurons and carry impulse
____Convey impulses (motor output) from CNS to effector cells (muscles and glands)
Sensory neurons
Interneurons
Motor neurons
____ Is the generation and conduction of Action potentials
Neurons are highly ____
Neurons contain ____ that open or close in response to stimuli
Types of channels in general (2)
Neurophysiology
Irritable
Gated ion channels
Passive/Leakage channels
Active/gated channels
Type of gated channels and their subtypes (4)
Neurotransmitter needed
Membrane voltage changes internally and externally
special kind with a specific ____-gated channel that can be external or internal
Sometimes it is just ____-gated
Chemically gated channel
Voltage-gated ion channel
Ligand-gated ion channel
Mechanically gated ion channel
Although the body is neutral, what causes the small differences in electric charge between inside and outside of cell membranes?
What is this difference of charge called?
How is it measured?
For cells?
Resting cells have a potential difference of ____ to ____
Muscle and nerve has ____ to ___
The average is ____
differences in + and - ions in and out of cell membrane
Potential (stored energy)
Voltage
Millivolts 0.001 V
-50 to -200 mV
-40 to -90 mV
-70 mV
Ion that usually stays outside of the cell ___
Ion that usually stays inside the cell ___
Ion that holds a negative charge ___
Within the cell and holds a negative charge ___
Na+
K+
Cl-
Protein -
Resting membrane potential is in a ____ state
3 Major processes of Resting Membrane Potential
- Different kinds and ___ of ions inside and outside cell membranes.
In this case, there are more ____ ions inside the cells especially cause of ____ these ions cant cross the membrane
polarized
concentrations
negative ions
protein
3 Major processes of Resting Membrane Potential
- The different ____ of the plasma membrane to ____ and ___ ions through ___ diffusion via the ____ down the concentration gradient
However it still favors ___
Permeability
Potassium and sodium
Facilitated diffusion via Leakage channels
K+ ion
3 Major processes of Resting Membrane Potential
The operation of the ____ pump
Sodium-potassium pump
