Module Part 3 Chemical Homeostasis & Metabolism Flashcards
The concept of homeostasis was explained by ____
Claude Bernard
self-regulating process by which a living organism can maintain internal stability while adjusting to changing external conditions
Homeostasis
The word homeostasis was coined by
Walter Bradford Cannon
General themes for Metabolism (5)
- Organisms or cells maintain specific
internal concentrations of inorganize ions, metabolites and enzymes. ___provide the physical barrier that segregates
cell components from the environment - Organisms ____ from ____ for each reactions.
- ____ in each organism are specified by genes it contains in its genome and are highly regulated
Organisms and cells ____ with the environment.
Organisms and molecules are ____ assemblies of molecules
Cell membranes
extract energy, external sources
Metabolic pathways
interact
not static
Equation for metabolism
Food + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + water + Energy
____ is the process in which part of the output of a system is returned to its input in order to regulate its further output
Many of the regulatory mechanisms operate on ____
Feedback
negative feedback
Things that lead to homeostatic imbalance (4)
Failure of ____ and appropriate ____
___ resetting
Reduction in their ____
Negative Feedback Processes
Positive Feedback Responses
set point resetting
Efficiency
Type of Feedback Mechanisms (2)
Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback
Negative Feedback:
An example of Negative Feedback is TEMPERATURE REGULATION in the body
Animals that are capable of maintaining this are called ____
_____ located in the ___ detect these temperature fluctuations.
Homeotherms
Thermoreceptors
Hypothalamus
Negative Feedback:
Increased temperature in homeotherms cause ___
Decreased temperature in homeotherms cause ___
Both cause an increase in the surface area or dilation in blood vessels
Vascodilation
Vascoconstriction
Negative feedback parts (4)
Blood Pressure Increases
Receptors in CAROTIDS
Brain
Decrease Heart Rate
Factor
Sensor
Integrating Center
Effector
Negative Feedback Parts in Regulating Temperature(4)
Factor
Sensor
Integrating Center
Effector
Blood Pressure Increases
Receptors in CAROTIDS
Brain
Decrease Heart Rate
Positive Feedback:
____ occurs when the output of a system acts to enhance the changes the input of the system
An example of positive feedback is the ___
When this occurs, the hormone ____ is released into the body which increases in amplitude and frequency
Overallm this is called the ___
Positive Feedback Loop
Onset of Contractions in Birth
Oxytocin
Ferguson Reflex
Positive Feedback:
Sunlight keeps the ____ open
____ are pumped out of the guard cells to form an electro-chemical gradient
___ and ___ enter guard cells through ion channels
___ enters guard cells by osmosis and the (1) is opened)
Stoma
Protons
Potassium and Chloride ions
Water
____ The sum of Chemical reactions that take place in living cells which is aroused from the Greek word which means change
___ break down into smaller molecules
___ synthesizes other molecules
Metabolism
Catabolic Pathway
Anabolic Pathway
Metabolism in cells are carried out by the control of specialized proteins called ____
Pathways that break down molecules usually ____ energy.
As some chemical bonds stored in food is dissipated as heat, the mass of food required by any organism which derives its energy from ___ is ___ than the mass of the molecules that can be produced by ___
enzymes
release
Thermodynamics of a cell:
When A cell has taken energy from food molecules, it will release ___ which increases the ___ of the environment around the cells
This aligns with the ___ law of thermodynamics wherein the amount of disorder in the universe must always increase
Second
Interconversions between forms of energy:
Brick (3)
Potential energy due to position
Kinetic Energy
Heat energy
Interconversions between forms of energy:
Water (3_
Chemical bond energy in H2 and O2
Rapid molecular motions in H2O
Heat energy
Interconversions between forms of energy:
Fan (3)
Chemical bond energy
Electrical Energy
Kinetic Energy
Interconversions between forms of energy:
Photosynthesis (2)
Electromagnetic (light) energy
Chemical bond energy
REMOVAL of electrons and DECREASES energy content of a molecule. The LOSS of hydrogen atoms (energy releasing)
—HOWEVER, THIS GIVES A PARTIAL POSITIVE CHARGE
ADDITION of electrons and INCREASES energy content of a molecule. The GAIN of Hydrogen atoms
—HOWEVER, THIS GIVES A PARTIAL NEGATIVE CHARGE
Oxidation
Reduction
Progression of Oxidation of Methane to Carbon Dioxide where electrons are shifted away from the carbon(5)
Methane
Methanol
Formaldehyde
Formic Acid
Carbon Dioxide
Needed to make a reaction easier especially when there might not be enough energy from the environment, sometimes by an energetic collision
Activation energy
Enzymes:
____ one chemical is transformed into another chemical through a series of reactions in the presence of enzymes
Each Enzyme has an ___ to which one or two ___ molecules bind forming an ___. After, a reaction occurs transforming it into a ___, and then the ___ is released.
Metabolic Pathway
Active Site
Substrate
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Enzyme-Product Complex
Product
