Module Part 3 Chemical Homeostasis & Metabolism

Question 1

The concept of homeostasis was explained by ____

Answer 1

Claude Bernard

Question 2

self-regulating process by which a living organism can maintain internal stability while adjusting to changing external conditions

Answer 2

Homeostasis

Question 3

The word homeostasis was coined by

Answer 3

Walter Bradford Cannon

Question 4

General themes for Metabolism (5)

1. Organisms or cells maintain specific
   internal concentrations of inorganize ions, metabolites and enzymes. ___provide the physical barrier that segregates
   cell components from the environment
2. Organisms ____ from ____ for each reactions.
3. ____ in each organism are specified by genes it contains in its genome and are highly regulated

Organisms and cells ____ with the environment.

Organisms and molecules are ____ assemblies of molecules

Answer 4

Cell membranes

extract energy, external sources

Metabolic pathways

interact

not static

Question 5

Equation for metabolism

Answer 5

Food + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + water + Energy

Question 6

____ is the process in which part of the output of a system is returned to its input in order to regulate its further output

Many of the regulatory mechanisms operate on ____

Answer 6

Feedback

negative feedback

Question 7

Things that lead to homeostatic imbalance (4)

Failure of ____ and appropriate ____

___ resetting

Reduction in their ____

Answer 7

Negative Feedback Processes

Positive Feedback Responses

set point resetting

Efficiency

Question 8

Type of Feedback Mechanisms (2)

Answer 8

Negative Feedback

Positive Feedback

Question 9

Negative Feedback:

An example of Negative Feedback is TEMPERATURE REGULATION in the body

Animals that are capable of maintaining this are called ____

_____ located in the ___ detect these temperature fluctuations.

Answer 9

Homeotherms

Thermoreceptors

Hypothalamus

Question 10

Negative Feedback:

Increased temperature in homeotherms cause ___

Decreased temperature in homeotherms cause ___

Both cause an increase in the surface area or dilation in blood vessels

Answer 10

Vascodilation

Vascoconstriction

Question 11

Negative feedback parts (4)

Blood Pressure Increases

Receptors in CAROTIDS

Brain

Decrease Heart Rate

Answer 11

Factor

Sensor

Integrating Center

Effector

Question 12

Negative Feedback Parts in Regulating Temperature(4)

Factor

Sensor

Integrating Center

Effector

Answer 12

Blood Pressure Increases

Receptors in CAROTIDS

Brain

Decrease Heart Rate

Question 13

Positive Feedback:

____ occurs when the output of a system acts to enhance the changes the input of the system

An example of positive feedback is the ___

When this occurs, the hormone ____ is released into the body which increases in amplitude and frequency

Overallm this is called the ___

Answer 13

Positive Feedback Loop

Onset of Contractions in Birth

Oxytocin

Ferguson Reflex

Question 14

Positive Feedback:

Sunlight keeps the ____ open

____ are pumped out of the guard cells to form an electro-chemical gradient

___ and ___ enter guard cells through ion channels

___ enters guard cells by osmosis and the (1) is opened)

Answer 14

Stoma

Protons

Potassium and Chloride ions

Water

Question 15

____ The sum of Chemical reactions that take place in living cells which is aroused from the Greek word which means change

___ break down into smaller molecules

___ synthesizes other molecules

Answer 15

Metabolism

Catabolic Pathway

Anabolic Pathway

Question 16

Metabolism in cells are carried out by the control of specialized proteins called ____

Pathways that break down molecules usually ____ energy.

As some chemical bonds stored in food is dissipated as heat, the mass of food required by any organism which derives its energy from ___ is ___ than the mass of the molecules that can be produced by ___

Answer 16

enzymes

release

Question 17

Thermodynamics of a cell:

When A cell has taken energy from food molecules, it will release ___ which increases the ___ of the environment around the cells

This aligns with the ___ law of thermodynamics wherein the amount of disorder in the universe must always increase

Answer 17

Second

Question 18

Interconversions between forms of energy:

Brick (3)

Answer 18

Potential energy due to position

Kinetic Energy

Heat energy

Question 19

Interconversions between forms of energy:

Water (3_

Answer 19

Chemical bond energy in H2 and O2

Rapid molecular motions in H2O

Heat energy

Question 20

Interconversions between forms of energy:

Fan (3)

Answer 20

Chemical bond energy

Electrical Energy

Kinetic Energy

Question 21

Interconversions between forms of energy:

Photosynthesis (2)

Answer 21

Electromagnetic (light) energy

Chemical bond energy

Question 22

REMOVAL of electrons and DECREASES energy content of a molecule. The LOSS of hydrogen atoms (energy releasing)
—HOWEVER, THIS GIVES A PARTIAL POSITIVE CHARGE

ADDITION of electrons and INCREASES energy content of a molecule. The GAIN of Hydrogen atoms
—HOWEVER, THIS GIVES A PARTIAL NEGATIVE CHARGE

Answer 22

Oxidation

Reduction

Question 23

Progression of Oxidation of Methane to Carbon Dioxide where electrons are shifted away from the carbon(5)

Answer 23

Methane

Methanol

Formaldehyde

Formic Acid

Carbon Dioxide

Question 24

Needed to make a reaction easier especially when there might not be enough energy from the environment, sometimes by an energetic collision

Answer 24

Activation energy

Question 25

Enzymes:

____ one chemical is transformed into another chemical through a series of reactions in the presence of enzymes

Each Enzyme has an ___ to which one or two ___ molecules bind forming an ___. After, a reaction occurs transforming it into a ___, and then the ___ is released.

Answer 25

Metabolic Pathway

Active Site

Substrate

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

Enzyme-Product Complex

Product