TOP (QUALIFYING EXAM) Flashcards
Contribute to individual differences in behavior, consistency of behavior over time, and stability of behavior across situations
Traits
Unique qualities of an individual that include such as attributes as temperament, physique and intelligence
Characteristics
Any reaction or response to internal and external stimuli
Behavior
Set of related assumptions that allows scientist to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypothesis
Theory
Theory and it’s relativ (4)
Philosophy
Speculation
Hypothesis
Taxonomies
Theory is related to __ but is much narrower term
Philosophy
Theory rely on __. But they are much more than mere armchair speculation
Speculation
Although theory is a narrower concept than philosophy it is broader term than __
Hypothesis
Mere classification does not constitute a theory, however ___ can evolve in theories
Taxonomy
Why do we have different theories site what you know (5)
- Personal background
- Childhood experiences
- Interpersonal relationships
- Philosophical orientation
- Personalities
- Data chosen to observe
- Unique ways of looking at the world
One that attempt to explain all personality for all people
Grand theory
Psychodynamic (people) site 3
Freud
Adler
Jung
Erikson
Horney
Unconscious are most important
Psychodynamic theory
First 5 years of life most shape personality
Psychodynamic theory
Humanistic existential (people)
Maslow, rogers, may
People strive to live meaningful life, happy lives
Humanistic-existential theory
People are predisposed to behave in unique and consistent ways; they have unique traits
Dispositional theories
Human thoughts and behavior have been shaped by evolutionary forces ( natural and sexual selection)
Biological -evolutionary theories
Peoples behavior are determined by forces over which they have no control
Determinism
People choose to be what they wish to be
Free choice
People doomed to be miserable, conflicted and troubled lives
Pessimism
People grow into psychologically healthy, happy fully functioning human beings
Optimism
Behavior is a function of past experiences
Causality
Explanation of behavior in term of future goals/ purposes
Teleology
Personal characteristics are environmentally determined
Social influence
Derived from the latin word ___ means theatrical mask worn by roman
Persona
Pattern of relatively traits and unique characteristics that give both consistenty and individuality to a persons behavior
Personality
Freud full name
Sigismund (sigmund) freud
Alfred adler was born on
May 6 1856
He learned ___ for treating hysteria, which later influenced his own psychoanalytic methods
Hypnotic technique
Related to word association
Free association technique
Freud abandoned his ___ theory and develop new psychoanalytic concepts
Seduction theory
Freud develop a close professional and personal relationship with __
Josef breuer
Contains thoughts, memories and perceptions that are not currently in conscious awareness but can be readily accessed when needed
Preconscious
Mental elements that are currently in awareness at any given moment. It is the level of mental life that is directly available to an individuals awareness
Conscious
Contains thoughts, feelings, desires and memories that are not immediately accessible to conscious awareness
Unconscious
Comes from heredity endowment
Phylogenetic
A physician region dervied from the impersonal pronoun meaning “the it” or the not-yet-owned component of personality. No contact in reality and strives for desire
ID
Also known as the “I” The region of the mind in contact with reality. Emerges from the id during infancy and serve as the individuals primary source of communication with the external world
Ego
“above-i” embodies the moral and ideal aspects of personality. Guided by moralistic, and idealistic principles
Superego
Pleasure that is not limited to genital satisfaction, can take many forms including narcissism, love, sadism and masochism
Sex
Considered as the destructive drive according to freud that aim of this druve is to return the organism to an inorganic state
Aggression
Unpleasant state accompanied by a physical sensation that warns the person against impending danger
Anxiety
Apprehension about an unknown danger (exam, quiz)
Neurotic anxiety
Stems from the conflict between the ego and superego
Moral anxiety
Unpleasant, nonspecific feeling involving a possible danger (closely related to fear)
Realistic anxiety
The way ego deals with anxiety-provoking material
- used to deal with unwanted thought s and desires
Defense mechanism
Pushing conscious, unpleasant thoughts to the unconscious (accident)
Repression
Concealing a motive by giving strong expression to the opposite (crush to someone) (Baliktad na feelings)
Reaction formation
Channeling or substituting our impulses from an original traget to another person / objects (galit)
Displacement
When psychic energy is blocked at one stage of development, thus making change or psychological growth difficult (smokers, gossiper)
Fixation
Turns to an earlier stage of development when he or she experience stress ( revert fixation) (Childish behavior)
Regression
An unconscious impulses to other people instead of to oneself (ayaw aminin sa sarili nagtuturo sa iba)
Projection
Justifying one’s conduct by offering socially acceptable reasons in place of real reasons
___ pretending to dislike but like
___ pretending to like but dislike
Reationalization
Sour grape
Sweet lemon
Insisting the something is not true, despite all evidence to the contrary
Denial
Channeling negative id impulses into socially acceptable actions (coping mechanism)
Sublimation
Incorporating positive qualities of another person into their ego ( adopt characteristics/mindset) (The opposite of projection)
Introjection
Parts of the body that have especially strong pleasure-giving qualities at particular stages of development
Erogenous zone
Psychoanalytic defense mechanism that occurs when the individual remains locked in an earlier developmental stage
Fixation
Withholding feces can lead to narcissistic and maschistic pleasure
Anal retentiveness
Characterized by traits of orderliness, stinginess and obstinacy, stemming from unresolved issues during the anal phase
Anal triad
Occuring around 3 to 4 years of age where the genital area becomes the primary erogenous zone
Phallic stage
4 to 5 until puberty, characterized by a period of dormant psychosexual development
Latency phase
Period of life beginning with puberty and continuing through adulthood and marked by full sexual identity
Genital phase
Concept of humanity (site 5)
Dream analysis
Projective test
Free association
Hypnosis
Humor
Symbolic behavior
Conditioned responses, shaping, reinforcement, observational learning
Learning(social) cognitive
(person) Only explanation for behavior is the condition that create behavior
Skinner
Modelling, self-efficacy
Bandura
Personality develops as an interaction between the internal and external characteristics of a person
(Cognitive-affective units)
Rotter and mischel
The cognitive constructs we develop to perceiv tye the world and others mold our personalities ( constructs)
Kelly
Focus on the individuality of a person
Uniqueness
Focus on the common characteristic of people
Similarities
Freud harbored a ____ due to their perceived trivialization of psychoanalysis and his unpleasant experience during his visit to the united states
Disdain for Americans
Nature and function of ID
Pleasure principle
Infantile behavior
Lack of reality contact
Nature and function of ego
Reality principle
Decision making
Anxiety and defense mechanism
Developmental differentation
Nature and function of superego
Origin and development
Subsystem
Control and judgement
Freud used the German word ___ refer to a drive or a stimulus within a person
Trieb
A husband refuse to recognize obvious signs of his wife infidelity
Denial
A student refuse ro recognize obvious lacks of preparedness for an exam
Denial
A husband who is considering being unfaithful to his wife, but feels guilty about it, might accuse his wife of being unfaithful
Projection
A person experiencing lots of insecurity may act as though they are the most confident person in the world
Reaction formation
Justify eating another cookie or five by sayinv that i ate a light lunch
Rationalization
The husband, might watch porn instead of pursuing physical connection with another person, as this could seem like a more appropriate outlet for his urges
Sublimation
Adler thought that ___ was the dynamic power behind all motivation then used ____ but also abandoned it until he came up with striving for success or superiority
Aggression
Masculine protest
People’s ability to freely shape their behavior and create their own personality
Creative power
The manner strive for success or superiority is not shaped by reality but by their subjective perceptions of reality, that is by their ___ or expectations of the future
Subjective perceptions
Fictions
Fictions are peoples expectations of the future.
Fictionalism
Adler believe that all behaviors are directed toward a single purpose. When seen in the light of that sole purpose, seemingly contradictory behavior can be seen as operating in a self consistent manner
Unity and self-consistency
A condition/ physical disorder which people often use to express style of life
Organ dialect/organ jargon
___ is translated social interested (misleading translation of his original german term)
Gemeinschaftsgefühl
Adler’s five types of style of life
Getting/leaning
Avoiding
Ruling/dominant
Socially useful
Creative type
___ term Adler used to refer to the Flavor of a person’s life
Style of life
People are responsible for their final goal, determines their method of striving for that goal, and contribute to the development of social interest
Creative power
Molds the style of life
Creative power
Selfish, no give-just take anti-social with low activity levels
Getting/leaning
(2- adler four types of style of life)
Hate being defeated. May be successful but without risks. Low social contact, fear or rejection/defeated
Avoiding
Strive for power; willing to manipulate. Prone to anti-social behaviour
Ruling/dominant
Very outgoing and active. Lots of social contact, strive for the good
Socially useful
Justifying one’s conduct by offering socially acceptable reasons in place of real reasons (Hinahanapan ng palusot)
Rationalization
Characterized by their ability to think innovatively, their motivation stems for desire to express their unique identity and make a distinct impact to the world through creativity
Creative type
Birth order, the gender of siblings and the age spread between them
Family constellation
Most likely to have intensified feelings of power and superiority, high anxiety and overprotective tendencies
Firstborn children
Begin life in a better situation for developing cooperation and social interest
Second born children
Are likely to have strong feelings of inferiority and to lack a sense of independence
Youngest children
In a unique position of competing, not against brother and sisters but against father and mother
Only children
Living in a adult world, they often develop an exaggerated sense of superiority an inflated self-concept
Only children
First born characteristics (Site 5)
Responsible
Motivated
Controlling
Reliable
Perfectionist
Achiever
Leader
Bossy
Middle born characteristics ( site 5)
Peacemaker
Social
Adaptable
People-pleaser
Independent
Go-between
Can be rebellious
Feels left out
Last born characteristics (site 5)
Manipulative
Seeks attention
Self-centered
Fun
Social
Charming
Outgoing
Uncomplicated
Only child characteristics ( site 5)
Sensitive
Leader
Confident
Center of attention
Mature for their age
Responsible
Perfectionist
Seeks approval
Conscientious
Dimensions for concept of humanity (Site 5)
Determinism vs free choice
Pessimism vs optimism
Causality vs teleology
Conscious vs unconscious
Biological vs social influence
Uniqueness vs similarities
Determinism vs free choice
What makes theory useful? (Site 5)
Generates research
Is falsifiable
Organizes data
Guides action
Is internally consistent
Is parsimonious
Perspective in theories of personality (5)
Psychodynamic theory
Humanistic- existential theories
Dispositional/traits theory
Biological -evolutionary theories
Learning -(social) cognitive theories
6 Tenets of Individual psychology
- Striving for success or superiority
- Subjective perceptions
- Unity and self-consistency
- Social interest
- Style of life
- Creative power
Relatively well set by the age 4 or 5 years of age
Style of life
A dynamic concept implying movement, and this movement is the most salient characteristics of life
Creative power
People’s are striving for that goal and contribute to the development of social interest
Creative power
Feeling attracted to someone other than your spouse, then fearing that your spouse is cheating on you
Projection
Being denied a loan for your dream house, then saying it’s a good thing because the house was too big anyway
Rationalization
Hugging a teddy bear when you’re stressed, like you did when you were a child
Regression
you have a strong dislike for someone, you might instead believe that they do not like you.
Projection
A student might rationalize a poor exam score by blaming the instructor rather than admitting their own lack of preparation.
Rationalization
a person who realizes that they are being aggressive during an argument may accuse the other person of aggression. This deflects criticism away from themselves and onto the other person.
Projection
if accused of being addicted to cigarettes, a person may reply, ‘I can quit any time I choose.’ However, this is not the case.
Denial
if you feel guilty about your love of junk food, you might preach the virtues of healthy eating.
Reaction formation
A child who is bullied at school copies the bullies aggressiveness and act out at home
Introjection
If I don’t have breakfast, i can have that piece of cake later on without hurting my diet
Rationalization
Matt is unconsciously attracted to ben but outwardly voices an extreme hatred of homosexual
Reaction formation
Alain who is very aggressive becomes a professional hockey player
Sublimation
A husband speaks to his wife in baby talk when telling her bad news
Regression
A person who grows up in a strict religious household follow the religious doctrines and values, accepting them as their own without questioning or reflecting on their personal beliefs
Introjection
Includes a person’s goal, self-concept, feelings for others and a attitude toward the world
Style of life
Product of the interaction of heredity, environment and a person’s creative power
Style of life
Striving for success for all humanity without losing his own personal identity
Striving for success or superiority
Freud spent 4 months studying with the famous french neurologist ___ in paris
Jean-Martin charcot
Alfred adler was born in ___ on ___
Vienna Austria
Feb 7, 1870
Alfred adler suffered ___ as a young child at the age 4 he got ___
Rickets
Pneumonia
In 1912 Adler founded ___
Society of individuals psychology
A desire to be “a real man” superior and perfect
Masculine protest
Can be experienced through the presence of a teacher, employer or some other authority figure because the person previously experienced unconscious feeling of destructions against one or both parents
Neurotic anxiety
Human behavior has value to the the extent that is motivated by social interest, that is, a feeling of oneness with all of humanity
Social interest
Unify and operate to achieve a single goal
Organ dialect/organ jargon
Striving force as a compensation because of feelings of inferiority or weakness
Striving for success or superiority
Biological -evolutionary people
Eysenck
Buss
