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FINALS > STATISTICS > Flashcards

STATISTICS Flashcards

1
Q

Branch of Mathematics that focuses on the organization, analysis and interpretation of a group of numbers

A

Statistics

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2
Q

Used to summarize and describe a group of numbers from a research study

A

Descriptive statistics

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3
Q

Used to draw conclusion and to make references that are based on the numbers from a research study but that go beyond the numbers

A

Inferential statistics

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4
Q

The entire set of the individuals of interest for a particular research question

A

Population

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5
Q

Set of individuals selected from a population, usually intended to represent the population in a research study

A

Sample

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6
Q

Characteristics that can have different values

A

Variable

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7
Q

Internal characteristics that cannot directly observe

A

Construct

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8
Q

Possible number or category that a variable can have

A

Values

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9
Q

Particular persons value on a variable (datum)

A

Score

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10
Q

Collection of measurement or observation, complete set of scores

A

Data/data set

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11
Q

Value, usually a numerical value that describe a population

A

Parameters

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12
Q

Value, usually a numerical value, that a describe a sample

A

Statistics

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13
Q

Naturally occurring discrepancy that exists between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter

A

Sampling error

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14
Q

The values are names, categories and the score that is not numerical

A

Nominal scale

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15
Q

The number stand only for relative ranking (rank ordered variable) has magnitude but zero interval

A

Ordinal scale

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16
Q

Measures magnitude with equal interval between the values

A

Interval scale

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17
Q

Measures magnitude with equal interval between the values and has true or absolute zero

A

Ratio scale

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18
Q

One that has a specific values and cannot have values between the specific values

A

Discrete variable

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19
Q

An infinite number of values between any two values

A

Continuous variable

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20
Q

Naturally formed (male/female)

A

True dichotomous

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21
Q

Reflects an underlying continous scale forced into a dichotomy (passed/failed)

A

Artificial dichotomous

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22
Q

Income(low, middle, high)

A

Ordinal

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23
Q

Likert scale (stronly disagree to strongly agree)

A

Ordinal scale

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24
Q

Preferences brand

A

Ordinal scale

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25
Q

Degree of agreement

A

Ordinal scale

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26
Q

Iq scores

A

Interval scale

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27
Q

Calendar years

A

Interval scale

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28
Q

Time of day

A

Interval scale

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29
Q

Standardized test scores

A

Interval scale

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30
Q

Measuring an income as range (0-99;1000-1999)

A

Interval scale

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31
Q

Dates

A

Interval scale

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32
Q

Grade levels in a school (1st grader, 2nd grader, 3rd grader)

A

Interval scale

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33
Q

Measuring kilograms, miligrams, ounces, pounds

A

Ratio

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34
Q

Number of children in a family

A

Discrete (ratio)

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35
Q

Number of dogs that belong to one owner

A

Ratio (discrete)

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36
Q

Number of stores runned by the same owner

A

Ratio (discrete)

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37
Q

Human height

A

Ratio (continous)

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38
Q

Weight of a person (thin -55kg)

A

Ratio (continous)

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39
Q

Time spent on the task

A

Ratio (continous)

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40
Q

Temperature (all)

A

Ratio scale

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41
Q

An organized tabulation of the number of an individual located in each category on the scale of measurement

A

Frequency distribution

42
Q

Ordered listing of number of individuals/ subjects/ respondent having each of the different values for a particular variable

A

Frequency table

43
Q

Measures the fraction of the total group that is associated with each score

A

Proportion

44
Q

Proportion formula

A

P=f/n

45
Q

An amount of something, often expressed as a number out of 100

A

Percentage

46
Q

Percentage formula

A

P(100) =f/n (100)

47
Q

Range of values in a grouped frequency table that are grouped together

A

Interval

48
Q

Barlike graph of a frequency distribution in which the values are plotted along the horizontal axis and the height of each bar is the frequency of the value; the bars are usually placed next to each other without spaces, giving the appearance of a city skyline

A

Histogram

49
Q

Continuous line that represents the frequency of score within a class interval based on a histogram; used for continous data

A

Frequency polygon

50
Q

A data visualization where each category is represented by a rectangle, with the height of the rectangle being proportional to the values being plotted

A

Column chart

51
Q

Identical to column charts, but in this chart, categories are organized vertically on the y-axis and values are shown horizontally on the x-axis

A

Bar graph

52
Q

A line plot or line chart a graph which uses lines to connect individual points that display quantitative values over a specified time interval

A

Line graph

53
Q

A statistical measure that attempt to determine the single value, usually located in the center of a distribution, that is most typical or most representative of the entire set of scores

A

Central tendency

54
Q

Sum of all the scores in the distribution and divided by the number scores

A

Mean

55
Q

Mean formula

A

M= summation of ×/ n

56
Q

An average in which each observation in the data set is assigned or multiplied by a weight before summing to a single average value

A

Weighted mean

57
Q

Weighted mean formula

A

(Summation of) xw / (summation of) w

58
Q

The middle score when all the scores in a distribution are arranged from lowest to highest

A

Median

59
Q

Set of scores or category that has the greatest frequency

A

Mode

60
Q

Frequency distribution with one value clearly having a larger frequency than any other, has only one point

A

Unimodal distribution

61
Q

Frequency distribution with two approximately equal frequencies, each clearly larger than any others, two equal high point

A

Bimodal distribution

62
Q

Distribution with two. Or more highpoints

A

Multimodal distribution

63
Q

Frequency distribution in which all values have approximately the same frequency

A

Rectangular distribution

64
Q

The pattern of frequencies on the left and right side are mirror images of each other

A

Symmetrical distribution

65
Q

Lack of symmetry

A

Skewness

66
Q

Majority of the scores are at the low end of the distribution

A

Floor effect- positively skewed

67
Q

Majority of the scores are at the high end of the distribution

A

Ceiling effect - negatively skewed

68
Q

Extent to which a frequency distribution deviates from a normal curves in terms of wether its curve in the middle is more peaked or flat than a normal curve

A

Kurtosis

69
Q

Scores are concentrated towards the mean

A

Leptokurtic

70
Q

Normal curve

A

Mesokurtic

71
Q

The scores have an extremely large deviation from the mean

A

Platykurtic

72
Q

Frequency table in which the number of individuals is given for each interval of values

A

Grouped frequency table

73
Q

The best type of scale to use depends on:

A
  1. The nature of the variable
  2. How much measurements precision you desire
74
Q

Two elements of frequency distribution

A
  1. Set of categories that make up the original measurement scale
  2. Record of frequency, or number of individuals in each category
75
Q

Provides a quantitative measure of rhe difference between the scores in a distribution

A

Variability

76
Q

It describes the degree to which the scores are spread out or clustered together

A

Variability

77
Q

Measures of variability includes ___, ___, ____, and ___

A

Range
Variance
Standard deviation
Median absolute deviation

78
Q

Distance covered by the scores in a distribution, from the lowest to the highest score

A

Range

79
Q

Range formula

A

R= X max - X min

80
Q

The average score’s squared difference from the mean

A

Variance

81
Q

Variance formula

A

q2(population variance) = summation of (X- population mean) ² / N (no.values)

82
Q

Use the mean of the distribution as a reference point and measures variability by considering the distance between each score and the mean

A

Standard deviation

83
Q

Standard deviation formula

A

q (population variance) = √ (square) summation of (X- population mean ) ²/ N

84
Q

Variations of the Formula
• population variance
• population standard deviation

A

q² = SS/N
q = √SS/N

85
Q

Easier to use for figuring by hand, but it does not directly show the meaning of the procedure

A

Computational formula

86
Q

It is time-consuming, but it is directly showing the meaning of the procedure

A

Definitional formula

87
Q

It is consistently overestimate or underestimate the corresponding population parameter

A

Biased statistics

88
Q

Formula for samples
• sum of squares for sample
• sample variance
• sample standard deviation

A

SS = summation of (x -M)²
s²= SS/ n-1
s= √ SS/ n-1

89
Q

A robust measure of how spread the data is, if the assumptions of standard deviation were not met

A

Median absolute deviation

90
Q

Median absolute deviation (MAD) formula

A

MAD = Mdn (|x - Mdn (x) |)

91
Q

When to use the mean ?

A

Approximately normal distributed data
Continuous data
No significant outliers

92
Q

When to use median?

A

With rank-ordered variable
Non-normal or skewed distribution
When a distribution has one or more outliers

93
Q

It is the number of standard deviation that a score is above (or below, if it is negative) the mean of its distribution

A

Z score

94
Q

A ___ is an ordinary score as opposed to a Z score

A

Raw score

95
Q

The mean of Z scores is always eual to ___

A

0

96
Q

The standard deviation of Z scores is always equal to __

A

1

97
Q

It is a specific, mathematically defined, bell-shaped frequency distribution that is symmetrical and unimodal

A

The normal curve

98
Q

The normal curve is also called the ___

A

Gaussian distribution

99
Q

A ___ distribution is a frequency distribution that follows a normal curve

A

Normal

100
Q

The gaussian distribution is derived from ____ however the original concept comes from

A

Karl Friedrich Gauss
Abraham De Moivre

101
Q

____ refers to how spread out a data set is about the mean

A

Dispersion

102
Q

What does statistics focus on ; (3)

A

Organization
Analysis
Interpretation

FINALS (15 decks)

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