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FINALS > Biol 5 (Laboratory) > Flashcards

Biol 5 (Laboratory) Flashcards

1
Q

The ___ is a systematic approach in pursuit of truth based on rationality and logic

A

Scientific method

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2
Q

An ____ is information taken from the real world and made by humans directly (using their five senses) or by using instruments

A

Observation

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3
Q

A ___ is useful if it explains a problem, suggest new idead and make predictions that can be tested.

A

Hypothesis

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4
Q

Two kinds of hypothesis

A

Descriptive and explanatory

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5
Q

An overall statement which provides a basis for predicting things not yet observed

A

Descriptive

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6
Q

A tentative explanation of, or even a guess at what caused the pattern under observation

A

Explanatory hypothesis

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7
Q

____ hypothesis may be formulated to design better experiments and explore more possibilities in testing the main hypothesis

A

Alternative hypothesis

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8
Q

All observation and information called ___ are properly recorded and analyzed

A

Data

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9
Q

___ are made up of various chemical components. The chemical compounds present can be divided into two principal classes: ___ and ___

A

Cells
Inorganic
Organic

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10
Q

____ are molecules, usually small that typically lack carbon and in which Ionic bond play an important role

A

Inorganic compounds

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11
Q

___ include water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and many salts, acids and bases

A

Organic compounds

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12
Q

•___compounds always contain carbon and hydrogen.
Large organic molecules includes ___, ___, ___, ___

A

Organic compounds
Lipids, carbohydrates, protein and nucleic acids

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13
Q

To test the presence of starch add 2 drops of ____

A

Iodine solution

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14
Q

Benedict test for the presence of sugars add ___

A

Benedict solution

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15
Q

To test Biuret test for the presence of proteins add ____

A

Sodium hydroxide and copper sulfate

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16
Q

To test for the presence of lipid add ___

A

Sudan III or IV

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17
Q

the equipment was based on the prototype invented by ___ whose first specimen was ___

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
Pond water

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18
Q

Compound microscope is composed of three major parts ;

A

Optical
Illuminating
Mechanical

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19
Q

Compound light microscope considers three parameters;

A

Magnification
Resolution
Contrast

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20
Q

___ Power is the ability to distinguish two adjacent objects as distinct and separate

A

Resolution

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21
Q

The___ is the diameter of the viewing field measured at an intermediate plane of angle

A

Microscopy field of view

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22
Q

• The control knobs, used to focus the microscope on the specimen
•__ a smaller knob, used to sharpen the image
•__ used for focusing under low power magnification

A

Adjustment knobs
Fine adjustment knobs
Corse adjustment knobs

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23
Q

Used to move the stage mechanically there are two knobs; one for moving left and right and other for moving forward and backward

A

Stage control knobs

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24
Q

A hole in the microscope stage through which the transmitted light from the source reaches the stage

A

Aperture

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25
Q

Known as the iris found under the stage of microscope control rhe the amount of light that reaches the specimen

A

Diaphragm

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26
Q

Used to collect and focus light from the illuminator into the specimen. Found under stage next to the diaphragm of the microscope

A

Condenser

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27
Q

A light source can be a mirror which reflects the light from an external source to the sample or electric bulbs of low voltage are used as a constant light source

A

Microscopic illuminator

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28
Q

Magnification extends are ability to observe details 1000 times, so that we can see objects as small as ___in diameter

A

0.1 micrometer

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29
Q

Set of related hypothesis supported by many observation and experiment

A

Theory

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30
Q

Theory had been tested repeatedly and not proven false

A

Law

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31
Q

An ___ is a controlled method of testing a hypothesis

A

Experiment

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32
Q

___ are designed to provide an opportunity to make observation that will help us test a hypothesis

A

Experiment

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33
Q

Experiments are best understood in term of three types of variables

A
  1. Independent variable
  2. Dependent variable
  3. Controlled variable
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34
Q

Most experiment are repeated multiple times with slight variations these repetition are often called __

A

Trials

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35
Q

A variable that is purposely altered between trials is called an ___

A

Independent variable

36
Q

Usually, it Is best practice to have a ___ in an experiment

A

Single independent variable

37
Q

It may be helpful to think of the independent variable as the ___ of the experiment

A

Input

38
Q

If the independent variable is the input of an experiment then the dependent variable is the___

A

Output

39
Q

____ change in response to the independent variable, it is the variable being measured

A

Dependent variable

40
Q

____ are kept constant so that their fluctuations do not alter the dependent variable and cloud its relationship with the independent variable

A

Controlled variable

41
Q

A ____ happens when molecules move from one physical state of matter (solid, liquid, or gas) to another physical state. There no change in atomic structure and a new substance is not created

A

Physical change

42
Q

A ___ happens when the atomic structure of a substance changes, are considered irreversible and a new substance is formed

A

Chemical change

43
Q

There are several signs of a chemical change includes:

A

Formation of gas
Change in colour
Change in PH
Change in temperature
Formation of new solid or liquid
Appearance of light
Production of electricity

44
Q

Benedict test for the presence of simple sugars is ___

A

Carbohydrates

45
Q

Starch- Iodine test
Positive result shows the existence of starch when a ___ tint appears

A

Blue-black or purple

46
Q

Starch- Iodine test
Negative result ;

A

No color change (brown/yellow)

47
Q

Starch- Iodine test
Basis of positive result;

A

Long chain of polysaccharide traps the iodine

48
Q

STARCH -Iodin test
Basis of negative result;

A

Brown color remains monosaccharides unable to trap iodine

49
Q

SUGARS- BENEDICT TESTA
Positive result;

A

Green to dark red/ rusty brown

50
Q

SUGARS. -BENEDICT TEST
Negative result;

A

No color change (blue)

51
Q

___ is a simple carbohydrates with a free aldehyde or ketone group and acts as a reducing agent

A

Reducing sugar

52
Q

Simple carbohydrates

A

Benedicts solution

53
Q

SUGAR TEST
Simplest unit of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides

54
Q

SUGAR TEST
Made by linking monosaccharides

A

Disaccharides

55
Q

SUGAR TEST
complex carbohydrates

A

Iodine solution

56
Q

SUGAR TEST
Starch cellulose, glycogen

A

Polysaccharide

57
Q

PROTEIN- BIURET TEST
Biuret reagent ;10% ___, 0.5% ____

A

Sodium hydroxide
Copper sulfate

58
Q

PROTEINS - BIURET TEST
positive result ;

• shows the existence of peptides when the color of the solution changes to ___

A

Purple
Pink

59
Q

PROTEINS - BIURET TEST
Negative result;
-Lack of protein

A

No color change (blue)

60
Q

Determines the presence of lipids ,
A fat soluble dye that stains lipids red

A

Sudan III or IV

61
Q

LIPIDS- SUDAN III OR IV
positive result;

A

Has 2 layer
Top layer is (red/orange)

62
Q

LIPIDS- SUDAN III OR IV
Negative result;

A

Clear solution or
1 layer is red/ orange

63
Q

Number of times an object is enlarged or reduced

A

Magnification

64
Q

Combination of magnification of objectives and the eyepiece

A

Total magnification

65
Q

How many times is an image enlarged?
Scanner =
LPO =
HPO =
Eyepiece =

A

4x
10x
40x
10x

66
Q

Combination of eyepiece and an objective
Eyepiece and scanner=
Eyepiece and LPO =
Eyepiece and HPO =

A

40x
100x
400x

67
Q

PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE AND ITS FUNCTION

Mechanical

A

Diopter adjustment
Body tube
Arm
Stage
Revolving nose piece
Coarse adjustment knob
Fine adjustment knobs

68
Q

PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE AND ITS FUNCTION

Optical

A

Ocular lense
Objectives (Scanner, Low power, high power, Oil immersion objectives)

69
Q

PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE AND ITS FUNCTION

Illuminating

A

Light source
Condenser
Iris diaphragm

70
Q

“pro” means -
Has a rigid cell wall
No membrane bound organelles

A

Before
Prokaryotic cells

71
Q

“eu” mean -
Has a membrane bound organelles

A

True
Eukaryotic cells

72
Q

KEY DIFFERENCE PLANT VS ANIMAL
Animals cells have a ___ and ___ whereas plant cells do not

A

Centrosome
Lysosomes

73
Q

The lysosomes are the animal garbage disposal while in plant cells the same function takes place in __

A

Vacuoles

74
Q

The ____ plays a key role in regulating a plant cells concentration of water in changing environment conditions

A

Central vacuole

75
Q

___is made up of scally leaves which store starch granules in their cytoplasm of the cells

A

Onion bulb

76
Q

CELL ACTIVITY
___ binds to starch in the granules and develops blue-to black color

A

Iodine

77
Q

CELL ACTIVITY
Onion stores reserve food material in the form of ___

A

Starch

78
Q

CELL ACTIVITY
___ stains negatively charged molecules in the cell

A

Methylene blue

79
Q

CELL ACTIVITY
The small blue dots are ___ from our teeth and mouth

A

Bacteria

80
Q

Directed flow of cytosol and organelles around the plant cells, help in the Transport of organelles, nutrients, genetic information, metabolites and other materials

A

Cytoplasmic streaming

81
Q

UNIT CONVERSION
1mm =

A

1000 um

82
Q

Intelligent education guess to a certain problem

A

Hypothesis

83
Q

Overall statement which provides basis for prediction

A

Descriptive hypothesis

84
Q

Statement tend to guess what caused the pattern

A

Explanatory hypothesis

85
Q

Example of compound microscope

A

Darkfield
Phase contrast
Electron
Dissecting

FINALS (15 decks)

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