1. PRE QUIZ - BIOL MIDTERM (1) Flashcards
First cell that existed billions of years ago
Prokaryotic cells
Separate what inside of the cell from what outside of the cell
Plasma membrane
Made of peptidoglycan a polymer of sugars and amino acids
Cell wall
“interior of the cell”
Cytoplasm
Fluid within cytoplasm, jelly like substance where all the cellular components float around
Cytosol
Region where the genetic information for a prokaryotic cells can be found
Nucleoid
Nucleic acid made of millions of atoms, certain portion of molecules are called genes
DNA
Parts that code for proteins (Nucleoid)
Genes
Complex macromolecules made of RNA and protein
Ribosomes
___Takes the instructions and build all the different protein that the cell need to survive
Ribosomes
(Ribosomes)
Copies DNA
DNA polymerase
(Ribosomes)
Metabolic enzymes, Has a role in metabolism
Hexokinase
To best supply the cell with necessary tools for survival, it ought to have a high :
Need a high surface area/ volume ratio
Cells have a diameter of around
0.01mm
Humans are made of
Eukaryotic cells
Humans are ____one human is made of many cells
Multicellular
Contains number of components called ____ (not present in prokaryotic cells)
Organelles
Proposed billions of years ago there where many different types of bacteria floating around, all of which where unicellular
Endosymbiotic theory
Bacteria acquired unique function:
- Capable of photosynthesis
- Capable of respiration
It is believe larger host cells enveloped some of those smaller bacteria, _____ arose each relying on other for some crucial function
Mutual dependency
Smaller cell received ___
While larger one reaped the benefits of ____
Protection
Energy -producing process
“endo “ means
“Symbiosis” means
Inside
Cooperative relationship
Eukaryotic cells store their genetic information in the ___
Nucleus
Nucleus own membrane:
- Nuclear envelope
- outer ring
- Spokes
- Basket
- Filaments
___Lets certain things in or out passing through tiny holes called ___
Nuclear envelopes
Nuclear pores
___ separate from the cytoplasm of the cell
Chromatin
Smaller area where ribosomal (RNA) is synthesized
Nucleolus
Present both in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
Ribosomes
Ribosomes are made of :
Ribosomal (RNA) and proteins
Components of the cell comes together to make up the ____
Endo membrane system
Set of membrane bound regions consist of ;
Nuclear envelopes
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Network of membrane that encloses the (ER lumen )
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
( ER LUMEN). Are stuff inside consisting of sacs called ___
Cisternae
(Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum)
Ribosomes synthesized polypeptide and sometimes affixed with carbohydrates to make ___
Glycoproteins
Like a bubble that buds from the ER. Membrane
Vesicles
Smooth ER functions;
Synthesis
Metabolism
Storage of inorganic ions
Smooth ER produces ___ and ___ similar to sex hormones
Phospholipids
Steroids
Consist of series of stacks
Golgi apparatus
(Golgi apparatus)
There is a ___ usually facing ER where vesicles arrive ____ where vesicles leave
Cis face
Trans face
Products are given ___ to direct them to their destination
Molecular tags
Sac containing environment that is much more acidic than the rest of the cell
Lysosomes
The breakdown of a compound to reaction with water molecule
Hydrolysis
(Lysosomes)
When food enters a cell through a vesicle by a process called ___ multiple vesicles fuse to form a ___
Phagocytosis
Vacuole
Lysosomes can also digest damaged organelles that need to be dismantled in a process called ___
Autophagy
(not part of the endomembrane system) carry out cellular respiration generates most of the energy cells needs
Mitochondrion
(mitochondria) Cellular respiration 3 steps
- Glycolysis
- The citric acid cycle
- Oxidative phosphorylation
Mitochondrion 2 membrane
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Inner membrane makes many folds called ___
Cristae
(Mitochondrion)
The area between two membrane is the ___
Intermembrane space
The innermost part is the ____ (contains circular DNA molecules called ____)
Mitochondrial matrix
Mitochondrial DNA
___ Contains enzymes that can perform oxidative processes, which make ___ as a byproduct. Work with mitochondria by breaking down fatty acids into smaller components that are ready for cellular respiration
Peroxisome
Hydrogen peroxide
Networks of fibers that stretch throughout the cytoplasm of the cell and keep everything nice and organized
Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton consist of ____ made of ___
Hollow microtubules
Tubulin dimers
(Cytoskeleton)
Microfilaments made of two intertwined strands of ___ and intermediate filaments made of ___
Actin
Coiled keratins
____ determine and maintain the shape and structural integrity of the cell
Cytoskeleton
Motor protein called ___ can move vesicles around the cell
Kinesins
(Cytoskeleton)
____Region near the nucleus where microtubules originate, consist of a pair of ___ which have microtubules arranged in a ring ___ (specific)
Centrosome
Centrioles
9 sets of 3
___ is like a tiny factory
Cells
___ is like a security guard, deciding what can go in or out
Plasma membrane
____ systems of girders that provides structures
Cytoskeleton
___ factory floor
Cytoplasm
Main office - giving orders from the genetic instructions
Nucleus
___ the assembly line
Endoplasmic reticulum
___ factory workers building proteins the cell needs
Ribosomes
___ sorting and shipping center
Golgi apparatus
___ maintenance and disposal workers
Lysosomes
Power plant that powers the whole
Mitochondria
A living systems with components that cooperate for survival
Cells
The site of photosynthesis produces simple sugars from sunlight, water and carbon dioxide
Chloroplast
(Chloroplast) (Eukaryotic cells)
Plants convert ___ into ___
Solar energy
Chemical energy
Chloroplast two membrane;
Ribosomes
Nucleoid (own DNA)
(Eukaryotic cells - Chloroplast)
Happen all the action on the inside
Intermembrane space
(Eukaryotic cells- Thylakoids)
__System of interconnected sacs arranged in __ (little sacs )
Thylakoids
Grana
Pigment molecules that gives leaves their green color, present in the membrane of the thylakoids
Chlorophyll
(Eukaryotic cells)
__Contains a fluid called ___ (cells store inorganic ions like potassium and chloride)
Central vacuole
Cell sap
Smaller vacuole functions;
Store important protein
Contains poison
Contains pigments
Protects the cell, maintains it shape and further regulates what goes in and out
Cell wall
(Cell wall)
___Made of poly saccharides called ___
Middle lamella
Pectins
(Cell wall)
___. Connect adjacent cells, allowing movement of cytosol and small molecules from one cell to another, essentially turn the plant into one huge ___
Plasmodesmata
Continuum
The cell membrane is ___ (let things through while preventing other things)
Semipermeable
(Semipermeable- Eukaryotic cells)
Structure of the plasma membrane is similar to soap ___ (molecules arranged themselves with ____ heads facing out and the ____ pointing in)
Micelles
Hydrophilic heads
Hydrophobic tails
Non polar Hydrophobic portion;
____ acid tend to avoid contact with water
Saturated fatty acids
Unsaturated fatty acids
Unsaturated fatty acids
(EUKARYOTIC CELLS -SEMIPERMEABLE)
___ are phospholipids not fixed in their location, swimming around and constantly changing places
Fluid mosaic
(EUKARYOTIC CELLS - SEMIPERMEABLE)
Gives membrane some rigidity
Cholesterol
Float about in the sea of phospholipids and facilitates the movements of some kind of molecules across membrane
Channel protein
___Molecules moves across membrane along with concentration gradient, moving from ___ to ____
Diffusion
Higher concentration
Lower concentration
Facilitated diffusion includes polar molecules (water, glucose, ions)
Passive transport
No energy spent
Facilitated diffusion
Ions use __ when moving with the concentration gradient
Ions use __ when moving against the concentration gradient
Passive transport
Active transport
___ is needed to move ions against the gradient (currency of the cellular energy)
ATP
Move water
Moved ions
Aquaporins
Ion channels
Binding with glucose causes it to change shape
Glucose transporter
Other types of proteins ;
1. For cell recognition
2. Maintain cell structures
3. Control chemical signaling
Glycoproteins
Scaffold protein
Receptor protein
____ is called bilayer because it has two layers of phospholipids which have a phosphate groups similar to ___ group molecules
Phospholipids bilayer
Carboxylate
This genetic information in nucleoid is a ____ which are huge DNA molecules
Chromosomes
____ and ___ are so tiny, they are incredibly numerous. They are literally everywhere, including inside your body
Bateria and archaea
Regulated condition or ___
Homeostasis
Within a fluid called ___ floats the Dna, ribosomes and various enzymes
Stroma
Atp stands for ___
Adenosine triphosphate
During ___ and ____, molecules read these genes and deliver in the instructions to ribosomes
Transcription and translation
___ in the smooth ER can detoxify drugs and poison by adding ___
Enzymes
Hydroxyl groups
Made up glycoproteins
Oligosaccharides
Sodium potassium exchange pump
Step 1. Use atp
Step 2. Move ions out of the cell
Step 3. Potassium ions into the cell against concentration gradient
Small non polar molecules ___ and ___ can pass right through the membrane
02 and C02
Hydrophillic 2
Phosphate group
Glycesol
Mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce ___
Binary fission
___ found within vacuoles of plant cells, serve as vital storage compartment (store inorganic ions)
Cell sap
___ protein assist in moving sodium, potassium and large molecules such as glucose
Carrier protein
___ produce ATP through the process of cellular respiration - specifically ___ which requires oxygen
Mitochondria
Aerobic respiration
DIFFERENCE:
___ are organelles found in plant cells and some algae. They play the crucial role in photosynthesis while chlorophyll are embedded directly in the ___ membrane
Chloroplast
Thylakoids
___ the process of transferring substance into out, of and between cells using energy
Active transport
The ___ has outer membrane and inner membrane that has cristae folds
Mitochondrion
All cells have this, external. It controls what goes in and out of the cell and it maintains HOMEOSTASIS
Cell membrane
External, part of most prokaryotic cells and some eukaryotic cells. It is important for cell structures and shape
Cell wall
Involved with cell division and spindle fibers are involved
Centrioles
Helps materiald get around the cell and it process molecules
Endoplasmic reticulum
Can be found in all cells and it makes protein
Ribosomes
Modern cell theory (3)
• The cell is the smallest living units in all organisms
• All living things are made of cells
• All cells come from pre-existing cells
