Tongue & Taste Buds Flashcards by Emily H

2 section of dorsum of tongue

Anterior two thirds (oral/body)

Posterior one third (pharyngeal/base)

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What separates the 2 sections of the dorsum of the tongue?

Sulcus terminalis (V shaped landmark)

Foramen caecum

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4 types of lingual papillae

Fungiform
Filiform
Circumvallate
Foliate

(Located on dorsum of tongue)

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Fungiform

Mushroom shaped.

Less numerous.

Visible as small raised red dots.

Contain a few taste buds (involved in taste sensation).

Mainly on tip and lateral surfaces.

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Filiform

Thin, small and conical.

Most numerous.

Cover surface of anterior two third of tongue.

No taste buds present.

Mechanical/frictional function (guides food to back of pharynx).

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Circumvallate

Large, dome shaped.

Arranged in V shape just in front of sulcus terminalis.

Houses hundreds of taste buds (taste sensation).

Sit in sunken trench when tongue is relaxed.

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Foliate

Leaf-like papillae.

Posterior lateral borders of tongue.

Contains taste buds (taste sensation).

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Von Ebner’s glands

Secrete serous saliva into trenches around Circumvallate papillae.

Flush and clean out trenches near taste pores to introduce new taste sensations.

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Lingual papillae associated with taste buds

Fungiform
Circumvallate
Foliate

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Turnover of taste buds cells

Aprox. 10 days

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How many cells are taste buds composed of?

30-80 spindle-shaped cells.

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Where do taste buds extend from and to?

Extend from basement membrane to epithelial surface of lingual papillae.

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2 types of cells within each taste bud

Supporting cells
Taste cells

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Supporting cells of taste bud

Support the taste bud.

Usually located on outer portion.

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Taste (gustatory) cells of taste bud

Located in central part of taste bud.

Taste pore - opening within epithelium.

Superficial taste receptors (taste hairs) - make contact with dissolved food molecule at taste pores to produce taste sensation.

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5 taste sensations

Sweet
Sour
Salty
Bitter
Umami

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What needs to be present in order to experience taste?

Saliva

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How might patient compensate for lack of taste and how might this impact on oral health?

Add more sugar/salt.

Increased risk of caries.

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Extrinsic muscles (tongue)

Originate outside the tongue and insertion into it.

Alter POSITION of the tongue.

Intrinsic muscles (tongue)

Contained entirely within the tongue.

Alter SHAPE of the tongue.

List the extrinsic muscles of the tongue

Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Palatoglossus
Styloglossus

List the intrinsic muscles of the tongue

Superior longitudinal muscle
Inferior longitudinal muscle
Vertical muscle
Transverse muscle

How is sensation of taste created?

Food dissolves in saliva.

Enters taste pores.

Make contact with superficial taste receptors (taste hairs).

Activated taste receptors.

Nerve signals.

Brain interprets taste.

Genioglossus origin and insertion

Origin - superior genial tubercle of mandible (mental spine).

Insertion - whole surface of tongue.

Genioglossus action

Pulls tongue forward. Whole muscle can depress (concavity on dorsum).

Hyoglossus origin and insertion

Origin - hyoid bone. Inversion - ventral side of tongue.

Hyoglossus action

Depresses tongue. Assists in retraction.

Palatoglossus origin and insertion

Origin - soft palate. Insertion - side of tongue, blends with intrinsic muscles.

Palatoglossus action

Lifts up tongue. Closes off mouth from pharynx during swallowing.

Styloglossus origin and insertion

Origin - styloid process. Insertion - blends with interior longitudinal muscles and hyoglossus.

Styloglossus action

Draws tongue upwards and backwards.

Superior longitudinal muscle origin and insertion

Origin - posterior portion of tongue. Insertion - apex and anterior-lateral margins of tongue.

Superior and inferior longitudinal muscle action

Shortens tongue. Turns tip and sides upwards.

Inferior longitudinal muscle origin and insertion

Origin - root of tongue and hyoid bone. Insertion - apex of tongue.

Vertical muscle origin and insertion

Origin - root of tongue and genioglossus muscle. Insertion - lingual aponeurosis.

Vertical muscle action

Flattens and broadens tongue.

Transverse muscle origin and insertion

Origin - medium lingual septum (middle of tongue). Insertion - side of tongue.

Transverse muscle action

Narrows and lengthens the tongue.

Motor nerve innervation of tongue

Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Except Palatoglossus which is supplied by Vagus nerve (X)

Sensory nerve innervation of tongue

Anterior two thirds - Lingual nerve (branch of trigeminal (V) and mandibular nerve V3) Posterior one third - Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

Special sensory (taste) nerve innervation of tongue

Anterior two thirds - Chorsa tympani (branch of facial nerve (VII) and joins lingual nerve) Posterior one third - Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

Blood supply of tongue

Lingual artery Branch of the external carotid artery.

Venous drainage of tongue

Lingual vein Branch of the internal jugular vein.

Geographic tongue

Benign. Caused by tongue inflammation. Smooth, irregular, red patches and white wavy lines (may change position). Advice to avoid acidic and spicy foods to reduce any soreness.

Glossitis

Inflammation of tongue causing swelling, redness and changes in surface texture. Acute, chronic, atrophic and median rhomboid. May be linked to; anaemia, celiac disease, trauma, allergic reaction.

Black hairy tongue

Overgrowth of cells creating elongated papillae. Food, bacteria and yeast become trapped and cause discolouration. Increased by smoking, antibiotics and radiotherapy. Treated by cleaning surface of tongue and making lifestyle changes.

Most common sites for squamous cell carcinomas on tongue

Posterior lateral border. Ventral surfaces.