Human Genetics Flashcards
Choose one of the following statements which is FALSE regarding the function of DNA in the production of protein:
a.
DNA controls the structure of protein production
b.
DNA controls the quantity of protein production
c.
DNA controls the quality of protein production
d.
DNA controls the timing of protein production
A. DNA controls the structure of protein production
FASLSE
What is genetics the study of?
The study of hereditary
The study of the function and composition of single genes
What is a gene?
Specific sequence of DNA that codes for a functional molecule
Genetic conditions resulting from a genetic variant
Down’s syndrome
Sickle cell anaemia
Haemophilia
Genetic conditions resulting from a single gene change
Cystic fibrosis
Achondroplasia
Huntington’s Disease
Relevance of genetics in dentistry
Professional development - aid in diagnosis, recognise origins of effects.
- Care provision - personalised care, understanding increased risks is perio and caries.
- Legal, ethical and social - aware if laws that govern patients genetic information, social and emotional support, holistic care
What tooth conditions are influenced by human genetics
➢ Hypodontia
➢ Hyperdontia (Supernumery)
➢ Microdontia
➢ Macrodontia
➢ Macroglossia
➢ Amelogenesis Imperfecta
➢ Dentinogenesis Imperfecta
Select the statement that is FALSE regarding Mendel’s Principle of Inheritance.
a.
Alleles have specific segregation
b.
Phenotype reflects ‘dominant’ allele
c.
Alleles have alternate forms
d.
Phenotype are distinct
a.
Alleles have specific segregation
FALSE
What is Mendel’s Principle of Inheritance?
• Characters (phenotype) are distinct
• Genetic characteristic (alleles) have alternate forms
• Phenotype reflects ‘dominant’ allele
• Random segregation of alleles
What is the purpose of a gene?
Blueprint codes to create proteins
Determines structure of protein
Controls where, when snd quantity of protein needed
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have
23 pairs
Each half inherited from both parents
What is each gene sequenced by?
DNA
What are proteins important for?
Cell function of the body;
- repair tissues
- enzymes that cause chemical reactions
- stimulate or supress multiplication of cells, effects development and function.
Was is meant by inherited gene variant/mutation?
Passed from parent to child and was present at birth.
Phenotype not expressed if it’s a recessive gene, but individual may be a carrier.
What is meant by non inherited gene variant/mutation?
Occurred in somatic cells and cannot be passed to child.
Caused by environmental factors or error in DNA replication during cell division.
What do genomes code for?
Proteins
What percentage of genome codes for building proteins?
2%
What percentage of genome regulates when to build proteins?
30%
What is a genome?
Complete set of DNA in an organism
What are the effects of a single letter change or error in hemoglobin gene?
Hemoglobin folds differently, causing sickle cell anemia.
What factors can influence how the genome works?
Diet
Exercise
Humidity/oxygen
Light cycles
Temperature
What is the complementary base pairing of DNA?
A (adenine) always matches T (thymine)
G (guanine) always matches C (cytosine)
What happen to the strands when the cell divides?
Replicate and create two double strands
What occurs if there is a matching error during cell division?
A protein will repair it to keep intact
During cell division, what happens to the genome?
Gets condensed into groupings called chromosomes
