tolman-social cog

Question 1

tolman

Answer 1

purposive behavior-psychology should be objective disagreed that objectivity required mechanistic thinking-saw animal behavior as intelligent and flexible

Question 2

Origins of cognitive psychology

Answer 2

did not view S-R as foundation of behavior rather viewed association between environmental stimuli and behavioral response as hypothetical explanatory concept

Question 3

All behavior is goal-directed (or purposive)

Answer 3

-behavior is sequence of events leading to specific separable outcome-outcome is separate from behavior→teleological

Question 4

The S-R connection is mediated by

Answer 4

cognition-behavior does not occur in mechanistic way, our thoughts goals and purposes explain connection between environmental stimulus and behavioral response-goals organize and direct behavior

Question 5

Immanent expectations

Answer 5

goals are observable in behavior itself, behavior occurs as if there is a goal, imminent expectation or purpose behind behavior

Question 6

Behavior shows equifinality

Answer 6

many routes for behavior to take towards goal, so if one rout is blocked another one will be taken

Question 7

Behavior is docile

Answer 7

behavior is flexible as moving towards specific goal

Question 8

Learning

Answer 8

not mechanistic, does not depend on environmental stim,is purposive

Question 9

ŸLatent learning

Answer 9

occurs all the time in a latent way, even when not reinforced

Question 10

Cognitive maps

Answer 10

acquired during learning process and revealed once a goal is introduced

Question 11

ŸIn contrast Watson

Answer 11

is a function of stimulus response connections that illicit same behavior whereas for tolman learning involves acquisition of cognitive maps that illicit behavior that is docile and flexible once goal is introduced

Question 12

Place learning(aqu of cognitive maps) vs. motor response learning

Answer 12

Tolman’s laboratory experiment-used rats, placed in maze-discovered that rats quickly run to goal find the food after practice, gets better at meeting goal-for watson/behaviorist animals learn specific motor responses during conditioning (do not learn how to navigate specifics of maze its self)-tolmans place learning-trained rats to run quickly through maze then flooded it-discovered even when flooded the rats quickly swam to the goal even though specific motor response differed-demonstrated learning does not depend on specific motor learning and rather cognitive maps

Question 13

Descriptive teleology [Tolman’s theory of learning]

Answer 13

behavior describes the goals or purposes of an organism-with place learning does not require reinforcement and latent learning happens all the time

Question 14

all organisms are

Answer 14

much more intelligent and cognitive than behaviorists believed