Tissues and Joints Flashcards
4 basic tissues that comprise the human body
MENC
Muscular
Epithelial
Nervous
Connective
Epithelial tissue
found in 3 areas of the body
EEI
- External (sheets of tissue that cover the skin)
- Exterior - Lining of tubes and passages that lead to the exterior body (e.g. external auditory meatus)
- Interior - Lining of the internal body cavities (e.g. oral cavity + ear canal)
What are the two purposes of epithelial tissue?
LINE cavities (internal) and COVER organs (external)
PASS
protection, absorption, secretion, sensation
- Externally - protective covering for surface of body - subject to abrasion and drying
- Internally - forms a smooth surface in body cavities so that structures can glide without tearing and shearing
What are the 3 types of epithelial tissue?
PEM.
Proper, Endo, Meso
- Epithelial Tissue Proper (epidermis + internal membranes cont with skin)
- Endothelial Tissue (inner; blood and lymph vessels)
- Mesothelial Tissue (deeper - lining abs, chest, heart cavities)
Epithelial Tissue Proper
Forms the epidermis (outer layer of skin) and the internal membranes that are continuous with the skin (e.g. mucous membranes that line the resp tract)
Endothelial Tissue
Forms the inner lining of the walls of the blood and lymph vessels. It is not continuous with the epidermis
Mesothelial Tissue
Lines 3 cavities:
- Peritoneal Cavity (abdomen)
- Thoraci or Pleural Cavity (chest and lungs)
- Pericardial Cavity (heart)
What is the function of connective tissue?
Connects structures of the body, provides support for the body, and aids in bodily maintenance
- connects structures
- support
- defense
- transports and binds
Categories of connective tissue
LSD
- Loose connective tissue (support and movement)
- Special connective tissue (support structures)
- Dense connective tissue (support, protects, holds together)
What are the types of loose connective tissue?
- Adipose tissue - Fat. Found just below the epidermis
- Areolar Tissue -
very loose tissue
lies deep to the epidermis
is found most everywhere in the body
It cushions muscles and other organs
What is the function of loose connective tissue?
- Supports bodily structures
- permits movement
Dense connective tissue
These are closely packed fibers that are classified in 1 of 2 ways:
- White fibrous tissue - NOT ELASTIC white and unyielding in nature, meaning that it is resistant to stretching
- yellow elastic tissue - ELASTIC fibers may be stretched
Where can dense connective tissue be found?
TALF
- Tendons
- Aponeuroses
- ligaments
- fascia
Tendons
Always associated with muscle
defined as nonelastic cords that are comprised of many parallel fibers
attach muscle to bone or cartilage, muscle to muscle
Aponeuroses
Broad and flat tendonous sheets
cover muscles and PERMITS muscles to attach to bone
Ligaments
always associated with cartilage and bone. They are NOT associated with muscle
They connect bone to bone/cartilage ,cartilage to cartilage
Fascia
THIN sheet of fibrous tissue that surrounds muscles and other organs.
It also separates different layers of tissue
Where is fascia located?
Deep to the epidermis
provides structural support and protection
is basically responsible for holding your body together
Special Connective Tissue
BC
Bone
Cartilage
serves to support structures
Cartilage
connective tissue capable of withstanding force
can tear easily
At birth, the body is comprised primarily of cartilage that becomes bone over time
In adults, cartilage forms the framework for what structures important for speech?
LTB
larynx, trachea, and bronchi
What are the cartilages that make up the larynx?
from superior to inferior
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epiglottis
thyroid cartilage
corniculate cartilage
arytenoid cartilages
cricoid cartilage
What is costal cartilage?
Cartilage that runs ribs to sternum
Perichondrium
covers the surface of cartilage
fibrous
purpose - provides NUTRIENTS to cartilage and aids in MOVEMENT
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
HEF
- Hyaline
- Elastic
- Fibrous
Hyaline Cartilage
Covers articular surfaces of joints
What are the 2 meanings for articulation?
- It refers to points of attachments for bones and cartilage
- It refers to the production of speech sounds
Elastic cartilage
Flexible and rubberry
locations include: ear, external auditory meatus (ear canal), epiglottis (part of the larynx), eustachian tube, and in some small cartilages of the larynx
calcification (build up of calcium) rarely occurs
What kind of cartilage is in the epiglottis?
Elastic
Fibrous Cartilage
serves as a cushiony support between some joints, particularly knees and intervertebral discs (spine)
Function - absorb impact
e.g. intervertebral discs located in the spine
Bone
Connective tissue
Osseous tissue [-oss]
function of bone
provides the framework for the body and protects vital organs
permits movement of the body via attachment for soft tissue and muscles
Bone divided into what two parts?
Ax + Apps
Axial and Appendicular Skeleton
Axial Skeleton
body’s axis and includes the vertebrae and it’s extensions and processes, including the skull, hyoid bone (the only bone located in the larynx, and the most superior structure of the larynx), and rib cage
appendicular skeleton
bones of the pectoral (i.e. upper limb) and pelvic (i.e. lower limb) girdle
Ways to classify bone
- Dense or compact - forms outer shell of all bones
- spongy or cancellous - inner portion of bone that contains marrow
How is bone classified by its shape?
- Long - length is greater than width. e.g. fingers - bones move the most
- Flat - a plate of compact bone. e.g. bones that make up the cranium. Move the least
- Short - multiple articular surfaces such as bones of the ankle and wrist
- irregular - bones don’t fall into the 3 classifications given above. e.g. vertebrae
Joints Characteristics
When a muscle contracts, the joint moves
movement will only occur around a joint
What is a joint
locations at which bones of skeleton connect with one another
also called an articulation
How are joint types identified?
Structurally (manner in which bones connect) or functionally (depends on movement joints allow)
Classification of Joints
SAD (from least mobile to more mobile)
() indicate anatomical category
- Synarthrodial (fibrous) - dense connective tissue rich in collagen fibers; also called sutures; immovable (e.g. bones of cranium near central sulcus)
- Amphiarthrodial (Cartilaginous)-
joined by cartilage; permits slight movement (e.g. joints between the ribs and sternum) - Diarthrodial (Synovial) - joints that move freely; fluid-filled space called a synovial cavity, between bones of joints (e.g. elbow joints, knee); most common type of joints in the bodyy
Anatomical Category of Joints
From least mobile to most
FCS
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
Diarthrodial Joints Classifications
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- Gliding (gliding and sliding - vertebrae)
- Hinge (mvmt one plane - bcward/forward -elbow)
- Pivot (mvmt/rotation - b/w C1 and C2 vertebrae)
- Condyloid (all mvmt, no rotation - joint at base of index finger)
- Saddle (all mvmt, no rotation - b/w malleus/incus of middle ear; joint in thumb)
- Ball and Socket (some degree of rotation in all directions - hip, shoulder)
Gliding Joint (plane joint)
permits gliding and sliding
e.g. joints found between vertebrae
Hinge Joint
permit movement in only one plane, usually backward and forward
e.g. joints of finger; also easiest to dislocate
Pivot Joint
permits movement and rotation
e.g. joint located b/w 1 and 2 cervical vertebrae (C1 Atlas + C2)
Condyloid Joint
permits all movement except for rotation
e.g. joints of the wrist and the condylar process of the mandible (temporomandibular joint)
Saddle Joint
permits all types of movement except for rotation
e.g. joint in thumb and b/w malleus and incus of the middle ear
What is the difference between a condyloid joint and saddle joint?
The shape of the bone
Ball and Socket
permits some degree of rotation or rotation in all directions
e.g. joints of the hips and shoulders
Why is connective tissue important?
- structure
- support
- defense
- transports and binds
connective tissues have?
collagen and elastic fibers
Types of connective tissue
loose (collagen + elastic; in/around bv and organs)
Fibrous (large collagen; tendons/ligaments)
Cartilage (end of bones; nose; ears)
Adipose (body fat; insulation/store energy)
Blood (cells separated by fluid)
Bones (type of connective tissue)
Types of epithelial tissues
Classified by shape and number
Squamous (pancakes, lungs and bv)
Cuboidal (wxh same, glands)
Columnar (column, h>w, digestive tract, trachea)
Nerve Tissues
Brain and Spinal Cord and Peripheral systems
made up of neurons working together to pass electrical signals from your brain to many parts
