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Anatomy and Physiology of the Speech and Hearing Mechanism > Tissues and Joints > Flashcards

Tissues and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

4 basic tissues that comprise the human body

A

MENC

Muscular
Epithelial
Nervous
Connective

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2
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

found in 3 areas of the body
EEI

  1. External (sheets of tissue that cover the skin)
  2. Exterior - Lining of tubes and passages that lead to the exterior body (e.g. external auditory meatus)
  3. Interior - Lining of the internal body cavities (e.g. oral cavity + ear canal)
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3
Q

What are the two purposes of epithelial tissue?

A

LINE cavities (internal) and COVER organs (external)

PASS

protection, absorption, secretion, sensation

  1. Externally - protective covering for surface of body - subject to abrasion and drying
  2. Internally - forms a smooth surface in body cavities so that structures can glide without tearing and shearing
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4
Q

What are the 3 types of epithelial tissue?

A

PEM.
Proper, Endo, Meso

  1. Epithelial Tissue Proper (epidermis + internal membranes cont with skin)
  2. Endothelial Tissue (inner; blood and lymph vessels)
  3. Mesothelial Tissue (deeper - lining abs, chest, heart cavities)
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5
Q

Epithelial Tissue Proper

A

Forms the epidermis (outer layer of skin) and the internal membranes that are continuous with the skin (e.g. mucous membranes that line the resp tract)

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6
Q

Endothelial Tissue

A

Forms the inner lining of the walls of the blood and lymph vessels. It is not continuous with the epidermis

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7
Q

Mesothelial Tissue

A

Lines 3 cavities:

  1. Peritoneal Cavity (abdomen)
  2. Thoraci or Pleural Cavity (chest and lungs)
  3. Pericardial Cavity (heart)
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8
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

Connects structures of the body, provides support for the body, and aids in bodily maintenance

  1. connects structures
  2. support
  3. defense
  4. transports and binds
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9
Q

Categories of connective tissue

A

LSD

  1. Loose connective tissue (support and movement)
  2. Special connective tissue (support structures)
  3. Dense connective tissue (support, protects, holds together)
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10
Q

What are the types of loose connective tissue?

A
  1. Adipose tissue - Fat. Found just below the epidermis
  2. Areolar Tissue -

very loose tissue

lies deep to the epidermis

is found most everywhere in the body

It cushions muscles and other organs

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11
Q

What is the function of loose connective tissue?

A
  1. Supports bodily structures
  2. permits movement
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12
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

These are closely packed fibers that are classified in 1 of 2 ways:

  1. White fibrous tissue - NOT ELASTIC white and unyielding in nature, meaning that it is resistant to stretching
  2. yellow elastic tissue - ELASTIC fibers may be stretched
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13
Q

Where can dense connective tissue be found?

A

TALF

  1. Tendons
  2. Aponeuroses
  3. ligaments
  4. fascia
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14
Q

Tendons

A

Always associated with muscle

defined as nonelastic cords that are comprised of many parallel fibers

attach muscle to bone or cartilage, muscle to muscle

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15
Q

Aponeuroses

A

Broad and flat tendonous sheets

cover muscles and PERMITS muscles to attach to bone

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16
Q

Ligaments

A

always associated with cartilage and bone. They are NOT associated with muscle

They connect bone to bone/cartilage ,cartilage to cartilage

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17
Q

Fascia

A

THIN sheet of fibrous tissue that surrounds muscles and other organs.

It also separates different layers of tissue

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18
Q

Where is fascia located?

A

Deep to the epidermis

provides structural support and protection

is basically responsible for holding your body together

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19
Q

Special Connective Tissue

A

BC
Bone
Cartilage

serves to support structures

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20
Q

Cartilage

A

connective tissue capable of withstanding force

can tear easily

At birth, the body is comprised primarily of cartilage that becomes bone over time

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21
Q

In adults, cartilage forms the framework for what structures important for speech?

A

LTB

larynx, trachea, and bronchi

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22
Q

What are the cartilages that make up the larynx?

A

from superior to inferior
EveryoneTriesChildAfterCare

epiglottis
thyroid cartilage
corniculate cartilage
arytenoid cartilages
cricoid cartilage

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23
Q

What is costal cartilage?

A

Cartilage that runs ribs to sternum

24
Q

Perichondrium

A

covers the surface of cartilage

fibrous

purpose - provides NUTRIENTS to cartilage and aids in MOVEMENT

25
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

HEF

  1. Hyaline
  2. Elastic
  3. Fibrous
26
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Covers articular surfaces of joints

27
Q

What are the 2 meanings for articulation?

A
  1. It refers to points of attachments for bones and cartilage
  2. It refers to the production of speech sounds
28
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Flexible and rubberry

locations include: ear, external auditory meatus (ear canal), epiglottis (part of the larynx), eustachian tube, and in some small cartilages of the larynx

calcification (build up of calcium) rarely occurs

29
Q

What kind of cartilage is in the epiglottis?

A

Elastic

30
Q

Fibrous Cartilage

A

serves as a cushiony support between some joints, particularly knees and intervertebral discs (spine)

Function - absorb impact

e.g. intervertebral discs located in the spine

31
Q

Bone

A

Connective tissue

Osseous tissue [-oss]

32
Q

function of bone

A

provides the framework for the body and protects vital organs

permits movement of the body via attachment for soft tissue and muscles

33
Q

Bone divided into what two parts?

A

Ax + Apps

Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

34
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

body’s axis and includes the vertebrae and it’s extensions and processes, including the skull, hyoid bone (the only bone located in the larynx, and the most superior structure of the larynx), and rib cage

35
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

bones of the pectoral (i.e. upper limb) and pelvic (i.e. lower limb) girdle

36
Q

Ways to classify bone

A
  1. Dense or compact - forms outer shell of all bones
  2. spongy or cancellous - inner portion of bone that contains marrow
37
Q

How is bone classified by its shape?

A
  1. Long - length is greater than width. e.g. fingers - bones move the most
  2. Flat - a plate of compact bone. e.g. bones that make up the cranium. Move the least
  3. Short - multiple articular surfaces such as bones of the ankle and wrist
  4. irregular - bones don’t fall into the 3 classifications given above. e.g. vertebrae
38
Q

Joints Characteristics

A

When a muscle contracts, the joint moves

movement will only occur around a joint

39
Q

What is a joint

A

locations at which bones of skeleton connect with one another

also called an articulation

40
Q

How are joint types identified?

A

Structurally (manner in which bones connect) or functionally (depends on movement joints allow)

41
Q

Classification of Joints

A

SAD (from least mobile to more mobile)

() indicate anatomical category

  1. Synarthrodial (fibrous) - dense connective tissue rich in collagen fibers; also called sutures; immovable (e.g. bones of cranium near central sulcus)
  2. Amphiarthrodial (Cartilaginous)-
    joined by cartilage; permits slight movement (e.g. joints between the ribs and sternum)
  3. Diarthrodial (Synovial) - joints that move freely; fluid-filled space called a synovial cavity, between bones of joints (e.g. elbow joints, knee); most common type of joints in the bodyy
42
Q

Anatomical Category of Joints

A

From least mobile to most
FCS

  1. Fibrous
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Synovial
43
Q

Diarthrodial Joints Classifications

A

GetHappyPeople | Can’tSayBye

  1. Gliding (gliding and sliding - vertebrae)
  2. Hinge (mvmt one plane - bcward/forward -elbow)
  3. Pivot (mvmt/rotation - b/w C1 and C2 vertebrae)
  4. Condyloid (all mvmt, no rotation - joint at base of index finger)
  5. Saddle (all mvmt, no rotation - b/w malleus/incus of middle ear; joint in thumb)
  6. Ball and Socket (some degree of rotation in all directions - hip, shoulder)
44
Q

Gliding Joint (plane joint)

A

permits gliding and sliding

e.g. joints found between vertebrae

45
Q

Hinge Joint

A

permit movement in only one plane, usually backward and forward

e.g. joints of finger; also easiest to dislocate

46
Q

Pivot Joint

A

permits movement and rotation

e.g. joint located b/w 1 and 2 cervical vertebrae (C1 Atlas + C2)

47
Q

Condyloid Joint

A

permits all movement except for rotation

e.g. joints of the wrist and the condylar process of the mandible (temporomandibular joint)

48
Q

Saddle Joint

A

permits all types of movement except for rotation

e.g. joint in thumb and b/w malleus and incus of the middle ear

49
Q

What is the difference between a condyloid joint and saddle joint?

A

The shape of the bone

50
Q

Ball and Socket

A

permits some degree of rotation or rotation in all directions

e.g. joints of the hips and shoulders

51
Q

Why is connective tissue important?

A
  1. structure
  2. support
  3. defense
  4. transports and binds
52
Q

connective tissues have?

A

collagen and elastic fibers

53
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

loose (collagen + elastic; in/around bv and organs)

Fibrous (large collagen; tendons/ligaments)

Cartilage (end of bones; nose; ears)

Adipose (body fat; insulation/store energy)

Blood (cells separated by fluid)

Bones (type of connective tissue)

54
Q

Types of epithelial tissues

A

Classified by shape and number

Squamous (pancakes, lungs and bv)

Cuboidal (wxh same, glands)

Columnar (column, h>w, digestive tract, trachea)

55
Q

Nerve Tissues

A

Brain and Spinal Cord and Peripheral systems

made up of neurons working together to pass electrical signals from your brain to many parts

Anatomy and Physiology of the Speech and Hearing Mechanism (10 decks)

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