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Anatomy and Physiology of the Speech and Hearing Mechanism > The Nervous System (NS) + Cranial Nerves (CN) > Flashcards

The Nervous System (NS) + Cranial Nerves (CN) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the complex cells that make up the nervous sytem?

A

Neurons

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2
Q

What do neurons do?

A

Transmit information to and from the brain and spinal cord (SC) to various parts of your body

e.g. sensory information is brought into your brain; in turn, a motor response is sent out

Sensory in, motor out

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3
Q

Two major divisions of the NS

A

Central Nervous System (CNS
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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4
Q

CNS

A

Include: brain + spinal cord

Brain - body’s computer

SC: Pathway for messages sent from the brain to the body and vice-versa

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5
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

CN and spinal nerves

CN: 12 pairs. About 7 are critical for speech production, voice, deglutition (swallowing), mastication (chewing), hearing, facial expression, and articulation

SN: 31 pairs. Some SN innervate the muscles of respiration

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6
Q

The brain is also called

A

The cerebrum or cortex

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7
Q

Externally the brain is what color

A

Gray in appearance - hence the name “gray matter”

Below the level of “gray matter” is white matter. This neural tissue is whitish in appearance.

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8
Q

Neural tissue below the gray matter is called

A

subcortical tissue

Majority of the brain is made up of subcortical tissue

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9
Q

Sulci (sulcus) + fissures

A

Looking at the surface of the brain, you can see sulci (plural)

sulcus (singular)

fissures

Some sulci have specific names and serve as landmarks on the surface of the brain

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10
Q

The brain is divided into two sides

A

Left and right hemispheres - called hemispheres or cerebral hemispheres

Each hemisphere responsible for different yet complementary functions, and both hemispheres communicate with each other to share information

most people who are right handed, the left hemisphere will be dominant for language functions - due to contralateral (opposite side of the body) innervation

L hemisphere will control the right side of the body and vice versa

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11
Q

Special band of fibers that join the hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

type of commissural fiber - they join the left and right hemisphere together

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12
Q

Specific Sulci that serve as landmarks

A
  1. Central sulcus - separates the frontal lobes from parietal
  2. Lateral sulcus - separates temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes
  3. Parieto-occipital sulcus - separates the occipital lobe from the parietal lobes
  4. Precentral sulcus - immediately anterior to the central sulcus. it houses the primary motor area/cortex
  5. Postcentral sulcus - immediately posterior to the central sulcus. It houses the primary somatosensory or sensory area/cortex
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13
Q

Entire brain is encased in bone called?

A

Cranium

Actually made up of several bones that are joined by joints. These joints are synarthrodial joints (joints that do not move)

When a baby is born, these joints are not fused. The cranium is very malleable - it is cartilage. Babies are basically made up of cartilage and then, over time, this cartilage hardens into bone

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14
Q

Lobes of the brain

A

Frontal Lobes: 2, left and right. Most anterior of the lobes

Temporal Lobes: 2, L + R

Parietal Lobes: 2, L + R

Occipital Lobe: 2, L + R. Most posterior of the lobes

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15
Q

Primary vs. Association areas

A

Brain contains both throughout the cortex

Primary areas - make you aware of a stimulus

Association areas - allow you to interpret that stimulus

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16
Q

Frontal Lobes

A

Adult brains weigh about 3 lbs with frontal lobes (largest of all lobes) accounting for 40% of total weight of brain

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17
Q

Boundaries of the Frontal Lobes

A

Bound posteriorly by the central sulcus, inferiorly by the lateral sulcus, and anteriorly/superiorly by the outer surface of the brain

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18
Q

Left frontal lobe contains what area important for communication?

A

Broca’s area

Located in the 3rd left frontal convolution

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19
Q

Broca’s Area is responsible for?

A

motor programming or planning for speech production

It only PLANS the message. Sends it to the PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX which sends the message to the muscles of articulation, telling them to contract

Broca’s area does not tell the muscles of articulation to contract or fire!

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20
Q

Precentral Sulcus

A

landmark of frontal lobes

houses the primary motor area/strip/cortex, which is the area that tells volitional or skeletal muscles to contract

In other words, it controls voluntary movement of skeletal or voluntary muscle, contralaterally

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21
Q

Functions of the Frontal lobes

A

They are responsible for attention and memory, motivation, personality, overall mood state, motor functions

Responsible for executive functions (EF)

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22
Q

Executive Functions

A

Higher level cognitive functions that mediate language function and that operate in the background. They are especially important when you complete novel or new tasks

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23
Q

Examples Executive Functions

A
  • Memory + attention
  • Impulse control or inhibition or self-regulation - ability to resist temptation
  • selective attention
  • planning and organization
  • reasoning and judgment
  • ability to consider pros + cons and outcomes
  • ability to predict
  • Mental or cognitive flexibility, including ability to think outside the box
  • Knowledge of social rules and norms + knowledge of how they differ between events, settings, and with different types of people
  • Problem solving - feasible or realistic problem solving
  • set shifting
  • response inhibition - STROOP TEST or STROOP EFFECT measures information processing speed and attention)
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24
Q

Damage to Frontal Lobes

A

Lobes are particularly susceptible to TBI

No other part of the brain where lesions can cause such a wide variety of impairments/problems

  • personality changes, often significant
  • irritability, depression, radical mood swings
  • inability to follow social norms or rules
  • lack of impulse control
  • disinhibition - e.g. it’s too hot in the mall, takes all clothes off
  • memory impairment along with deficits in attention and attentional control
  • deficits in problems solving, reasoning/judgment, planning
  • poor motivation
  • addiction, changes in sexual behavior
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25
Temporal Lobes
Located inferiorly to the parietal and frontal lobes Boundaries: bound superiorly by the lateral sulcus and posteriorly by the parieto-occipital sulcus
26
Left Temporal Lobe houses what area important in communication?
Wernicke's area - located on the superio temporal gyrus Also, Heschl's Gyrus
27
Two functions of Wernicke's Area
1. Responsible for comprehension of spoken language 2. Responsible for formulation of linguistic thought In other words, it thinks of the message that you ultimately want to say or speak Wernicke's area is an ASSOCIATION area - that is, it allows you to interpret what you have heard Called AUDITORY ASSOCIATION CORTEX
28
Heschl's Gyrus
Housed in left temporal lobe lies along superior portion of the temporal lobe @ the lateral sulcus Makes you AWARE that you heard something. It is a PRIMARY AREA, also called the PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX
29
Other functions of the temporal lobe
Memory, especially semantic memory + declarative memory supports naming ability reading, writing, word recognition skills Facial recognition Motivation Seizure disorders are thought to come from problems in the temporal lobes Help to process sensory information - taste, smell, sound Help form long-term memories and process new information prosodic comprehension plays a role in social cognition plays a role in overall mood state - damage can produce apathy, aggressive behavior including sexual aggression, passivity, indifference, rage
30
Parietal Lobes
Form the rounded roof of the cranium and are immediately posterior to the frontal lobes Boundaries: Bound anteriorly by the central sulcus Bound superiorly by the roof of the cranium Bound inferiorly by the lateral sulcus Bound posteriorly by the parieto-occipital sulcus
31
What important area do the parietal lobes house?
Primary sensory area or somatosensory area Area is contained within the posterior central gyrus or postcentral sulcus
32
What does the somatosensory area do?
Makes you aware of different sensations such as touch, pain, temperature, visual integration, taste. Especially important to TOUCH Responsible for PROPRIOCEPTION or the knowledge of where your body is in space. proprioception allows you to carry out motor functions without having to watch your limbs
33
Other functions of the parietal lobes
math skills spatial skills, spatial orientation/judgment lesion can alter body image supports memory personality lesion can produce an unusual phenomena called left-side neglect Lesion can produce agnosia - inability to interpret sensations, to recognize things such as objects, other people, pictures
34
Occipital Lobe
Most posterior of all the lobes. They are also the smallest They contain the PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX and the VISUAL ASSOCIATION CORTEX
35
Primary Visual Cortex
Makes you aware that you have seen something
36
Visual Association Cortex
Allows you to interpret what you have seen
37
Damages to the Occipital Lobe
can interfere with the ability to process visual information This might be in the form of a worksheet, looking @ pictures, or any other visual stimuli that we might give to a person to process in the context of treatment or evaluation
38
Brainstem
Tube-shaped mass that is situated at the base of the brain, just superior to the spinal cord It articulates with the spinal cord so that it can control the flow of neural impulses (messages or information) between the brain and the rest of the body Brainstem is regarded as a primitive structure that is not involved in any higher level thinking or cognition
39
3 Major parts of the brainstem
Responsible for life-sustaining functions 1. Medulla oblongata 2. Pons 3. Midbrain
40
Medulla Oblongata
Most inferior portion of the brainstem Regulates ALL life-sustaining functions, including respiration, heartbeat, blood pressure, and digestion Regulates sweating, temperature, sleep cycles, alertness, and balance Responsible for many reflexes in the body or involuntary controls, such as vomiting, sneezing, and coughing Damage to this particular area is imminently life-threatening or life-ending
41
Medulla Oblongata houses the nuclei for the following CN (cranial nerves)
- IX Glossopharyngeal - X Vagus - XI Accessory - XII Hypoglossal
42
Random fact about Medulla Oblongata
The area postrema is an area along the dorsal portion of the medulla oblongata that is responsible for VOMITING or EMESIS This area is absent in rats. That is why rat poisoning is effective - rats can't throw up after they ingest
43
The Brainstem - Pons
Pons literally means bridge It serves as a bridge to connect the medulla oblongata and the midbrain Other functions: transmits signals to/from other structures in the brain, such as the cerebrum or the cerebellum. Helps in the regulation of some sensations such as hearing, taste, and balance. Also helps in the regulation of deep sleep.
44
What is the most important function fulfilled by the PONS?
Regulation of RESPIRATION or breathing Houses structure called the PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER This center controls the amount of air that is breathed and the number of breaths per minute - also known as the breathing rate
45
The Pons houses the nuclei for the following CN
- V Trigeminal - VI Abducens - VII Facial - VIII Auditory/Vestibulocochlear
46
Brainstem - Midbrain
Most SUPERIOR portion of the brainstem Serves as a relay center for visual, auditory, and motor system information Also regulates autonomic functions - those that the body carries out without conscious thought - such as digestion, heart rate, and breathing rate
47
The midbrain houses nuclei for the following CN
III oculomotor IV trochlear
48
Cerebellum
Situated at the base of the brain, just posterior to the brainstem Like the cerebrum, the cerebellum is also comprised of two hemispheres
49
Functions of Cerebellum
Responsible for smooth, graded, flowing, coordinated movements, including those used in speech production. Maintains overall tone and truncal tone (type of muscle tone in the trunk) Important in posture, balance, coordination. Regulates force and timing of movements
50
Cranial Nerves (CN)
There are 12 pairs of CN of which 7 are highly relevant to clinical practice in both speech-language pathology and audiology CN are always referred to by NAME and/or ROMAN NUMERAL. Referring to CN X Vagus as CN 10 would be incorrect All but TWO of the CN arise from the brainstem and exit the brain
51
CN
I - Olfactory II - Optic III - Oculomotor IV - Trochlear Accessory V - Trigeminal VI - Abducens VII - Facial VIII - Auditory or Vestibulocochlear IX - Glossopharyngeal X - Vagus XI - Accessory or Spinal XII - Hypoglossal Odor of Orangutang Terrified Tarzan After Forty Vicious Gorillas Voraciously Attacked Him
52
Odor of Orangutang Terrified Tarzan After Forty Vicious Gorillas Voraciously Attacked Him
Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
53
CN are either ____ or _____ or ______
Sensory or Motor or Both Sensory means that a nerve is responsible for bringing sensory information to the brain for processing MOTOR means that a nerve is responsible for sending out a neural signal that tells a muscle to fire or contract ALL CN are paired
54
Mnemonic Device for Sensory or Motor: Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most
CN I: Olfactory - Sensory only for smell
55
CN II: Optic
Sensory only for vision. Transmits information from the eye to the brain for processing. It's the primary nerve of sight
56
CN III: Oculomotor
Motor Only. Innervates those muscles that move the eyes and that allow the pupils to constrict
57
CN IV: Trochlear
Motor only. Also aids in eye movements
58
CN V: Trigeminal.
Sensory and Motor. Mastication, swallowing, + protection of the ear from excessively loud noises. Assists with soft palate elevation
59
CN VI: Abducens.
Motor only Abducts (moves away from mideline, towards the temporal bone) the eyes
60
CN VII: Facial.
Sensory and Motor. Muscles of facial expression, sensory for the tongue + palate
61
CN VIII: Auditory.
Sensory only. Sense of hearing and for balance/equilibrium
62
CN IX: glossopharyngeal
. Sensory and Motor. Assistant to CN X Vagus. Motor for deglutition. Sensory for larynx, pharynx, tongue, EAM
63
CN X: Vagus.
Sensory and Motor. Motor for larynx, pharynx, velum + digestion, cardiovascular function. Sensory for larynx, pharynx, tongue root, epiglottis, and for heart/abdominal viscera [viscera - large internal organs]
64
CN XI: Accessory or Spinal Accessory.
Motor only. Assistant to CN X. Also, head turning, tilting, and shoulder extension.
65
CN XII: Hypoglossal.
Motor only for extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue

Anatomy and Physiology of the Speech and Hearing Mechanism (23 decks)

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