Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology of the Speech and Hearing Mechanism > The Nervous System (NS) + Cranial Nerves (CN) > Flashcards

The Nervous System (NS) + Cranial Nerves (CN) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the complex cells that make up the nervous sytem?

A

Neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do neurons do?

A

Transmit information to and from the brain and spinal cord (SC) to various parts of your body

e.g. sensory information is brought into your brain; in turn, a motor response is sent out

Sensory in, motor out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Two major divisions of the NS

A

Central Nervous System (CNS
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

CNS

A

Include: brain + spinal cord

Brain - body’s computer

SC: Pathway for messages sent from the brain to the body and vice-versa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

CN and spinal nerves

CN: 12 pairs. About 7 are critical for speech production, voice, deglutition (swallowing), mastication (chewing), hearing, facial expression, and articulation

SN: 31 pairs. Some SN innervate the muscles of respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The brain is also called

A

The cerebrum or cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Externally the brain is what color

A

Gray in appearance - hence the name “gray matter”

Below the level of “gray matter” is white matter. This neural tissue is whitish in appearance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Neural tissue below the gray matter is called

A

subcortical tissue

Majority of the brain is made up of subcortical tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sulci (sulcus) + fissures

A

Looking at the surface of the brain, you can see sulci (plural)

sulcus (singular)

fissures

Some sulci have specific names and serve as landmarks on the surface of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The brain is divided into two sides

A

Left and right hemispheres - called hemispheres or cerebral hemispheres

Each hemisphere responsible for different yet complementary functions, and both hemispheres communicate with each other to share information

most people who are right handed, the left hemisphere will be dominant for language functions - due to contralateral (opposite side of the body) innervation

L hemisphere will control the right side of the body and vice versa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Special band of fibers that join the hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

type of commissural fiber - they join the left and right hemisphere together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Specific Sulci that serve as landmarks

A
  1. Central sulcus - separates the frontal lobes from parietal
  2. Lateral sulcus - separates temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes
  3. Parieto-occipital sulcus - separates the occipital lobe from the parietal lobes
  4. Precentral sulcus - immediately anterior to the central sulcus. it houses the primary motor area/cortex
  5. Postcentral sulcus - immediately posterior to the central sulcus. It houses the primary somatosensory or sensory area/cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Entire brain is encased in bone called?

A

Cranium

Actually made up of several bones that are joined by joints. These joints are synarthrodial joints (joints that do not move)

When a baby is born, these joints are not fused. The cranium is very malleable - it is cartilage. Babies are basically made up of cartilage and then, over time, this cartilage hardens into bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Lobes of the brain

A

Frontal Lobes: 2, left and right. Most anterior of the lobes

Temporal Lobes: 2, L + R

Parietal Lobes: 2, L + R

Occipital Lobe: 2, L + R. Most posterior of the lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Primary vs. Association areas

A

Brain contains both throughout the cortex

Primary areas - make you aware of a stimulus

Association areas - allow you to interpret that stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Frontal Lobes

A

Adult brains weigh about 3 lbs with frontal lobes (largest of all lobes) accounting for 40% of total weight of brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Boundaries of the Frontal Lobes

A

Bound posteriorly by the central sulcus, inferiorly by the lateral sulcus, and anteriorly/superiorly by the outer surface of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Left frontal lobe contains what area important for communication?

A

Broca’s area

Located in the 3rd left frontal convolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Broca’s Area is responsible for?

A

motor programming or planning for speech production

It only PLANS the message. Sends it to the PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX which sends the message to the muscles of articulation, telling them to contract

Broca’s area does not tell the muscles of articulation to contract or fire!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Precentral Sulcus

A

landmark of frontal lobes

houses the primary motor area/strip/cortex, which is the area that tells volitional or skeletal muscles to contract

In other words, it controls voluntary movement of skeletal or voluntary muscle, contralaterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Functions of the Frontal lobes

A

They are responsible for attention and memory, motivation, personality, overall mood state, motor functions

Responsible for executive functions (EF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Executive Functions

A

Higher level cognitive functions that mediate language function and that operate in the background. They are especially important when you complete novel or new tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Examples Executive Functions

A
  • Memory + attention
  • Impulse control or inhibition or self-regulation - ability to resist temptation
  • selective attention
  • planning and organization
  • reasoning and judgment
  • ability to consider pros + cons and outcomes
  • ability to predict
  • Mental or cognitive flexibility, including ability to think outside the box
  • Knowledge of social rules and norms + knowledge of how they differ between events, settings, and with different types of people
  • Problem solving - feasible or realistic problem solving
  • set shifting
  • response inhibition - STROOP TEST or STROOP EFFECT measures information processing speed and attention)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Damage to Frontal Lobes

A

Lobes are particularly susceptible to TBI

No other part of the brain where lesions can cause such a wide variety of impairments/problems

  • personality changes, often significant
  • irritability, depression, radical mood swings
  • inability to follow social norms or rules
  • lack of impulse control
  • disinhibition - e.g. it’s too hot in the mall, takes all clothes off
  • memory impairment along with deficits in attention and attentional control
  • deficits in problems solving, reasoning/judgment, planning
  • poor motivation
  • addiction, changes in sexual behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Temporal Lobes

A

Located inferiorly to the parietal and frontal lobes

Boundaries: bound superiorly by the lateral sulcus and posteriorly by the parieto-occipital sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Left Temporal Lobe houses what area important in communication?

A

Wernicke’s area - located on the superio temporal gyrus

Also, Heschl’s Gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Two functions of Wernicke’s Area

A
  1. Responsible for comprehension of spoken language
  2. Responsible for formulation of linguistic thought

In other words, it thinks of the message that you ultimately want to say or speak

Wernicke’s area is an ASSOCIATION area - that is, it allows you to interpret what you have heard

Called AUDITORY ASSOCIATION CORTEX

28
Q

Heschl’s Gyrus

A

Housed in left temporal lobe

lies along superior portion of the temporal lobe @ the lateral sulcus

Makes you AWARE that you heard something. It is a PRIMARY AREA, also called the PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX

29
Q

Other functions of the temporal lobe

A

Memory, especially semantic memory + declarative memory

supports naming ability

reading, writing, word recognition skills

Facial recognition

Motivation

Seizure disorders are thought to come from problems in the temporal lobes

Help to process sensory information - taste, smell, sound

Help form long-term memories and process new information

prosodic comprehension

plays a role in social cognition

plays a role in overall mood state - damage can produce apathy, aggressive behavior including sexual aggression, passivity, indifference, rage

30
Q

Parietal Lobes

A

Form the rounded roof of the cranium and are immediately posterior to the frontal lobes

Boundaries:

Bound anteriorly by the central sulcus
Bound superiorly by the roof of the cranium
Bound inferiorly by the lateral sulcus
Bound posteriorly by the parieto-occipital sulcus

31
Q

What important area do the parietal lobes house?

A

Primary sensory area or somatosensory area

Area is contained within the posterior central gyrus or postcentral sulcus

32
Q

What does the somatosensory area do?

A

Makes you aware of different sensations such as touch, pain, temperature, visual integration, taste. Especially important to TOUCH

Responsible for PROPRIOCEPTION or the knowledge of where your body is in space. proprioception allows you to carry out motor functions without having to watch your limbs

33
Q

Other functions of the parietal lobes

A

math skills

spatial skills, spatial orientation/judgment

lesion can alter body image

supports memory

personality

lesion can produce an unusual phenomena called left-side neglect

Lesion can produce agnosia - inability to interpret sensations, to recognize things such as objects, other people, pictures

34
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Most posterior of all the lobes. They are also the smallest

They contain the PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX and the VISUAL ASSOCIATION CORTEX

35
Q

Primary Visual Cortex

A

Makes you aware that you have seen something

36
Q

Visual Association Cortex

A

Allows you to interpret what you have seen

37
Q

Damages to the Occipital Lobe

A

can interfere with the ability to process visual information

This might be in the form of a worksheet, looking @ pictures, or any other visual stimuli that we might give to a person to process in the context of treatment or evaluation

38
Q

Brainstem

A

Tube-shaped mass that is situated at the base of the brain, just superior to the spinal cord

It articulates with the spinal cord so that it can control the flow of neural impulses (messages or information) between the brain and the rest of the body

Brainstem is regarded as a primitive structure that is not involved in any higher level thinking or cognition

39
Q

3 Major parts of the brainstem

A

Responsible for life-sustaining functions

  1. Medulla oblongata
  2. Pons
  3. Midbrain
40
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Most inferior portion of the brainstem

Regulates ALL life-sustaining functions, including respiration, heartbeat, blood pressure, and digestion

Regulates sweating, temperature, sleep cycles, alertness, and balance

Responsible for many reflexes in the body or involuntary controls, such as vomiting, sneezing, and coughing

Damage to this particular area is imminently life-threatening or life-ending

41
Q

Medulla Oblongata houses the nuclei for the following CN (cranial nerves)

A
  • IX Glossopharyngeal
  • X Vagus
  • XI Accessory
  • XII Hypoglossal
42
Q

Random fact about Medulla Oblongata

A

The area postrema is an area along the dorsal portion of the medulla oblongata that is responsible for VOMITING or EMESIS

This area is absent in rats. That is why rat poisoning is effective - rats can’t throw up after they ingest

43
Q

The Brainstem - Pons

A

Pons literally means bridge

It serves as a bridge to connect the medulla oblongata and the midbrain

Other functions: transmits signals to/from other structures in the brain, such as the cerebrum or the cerebellum. Helps in the regulation of some sensations such as hearing, taste, and balance. Also helps in the regulation of deep sleep.

44
Q

What is the most important function fulfilled by the PONS?

A

Regulation of RESPIRATION or breathing

Houses structure called the PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER

This center controls the amount of air that is breathed and the number of breaths per minute - also known as the breathing rate

45
Q

The Pons houses the nuclei for the following CN

A
  • V Trigeminal
  • VI Abducens
  • VII Facial
  • VIII Auditory/Vestibulocochlear
46
Q

Brainstem - Midbrain

A

Most SUPERIOR portion of the brainstem

Serves as a relay center for visual, auditory, and motor system information

Also regulates autonomic functions - those that the body carries out without conscious thought - such as digestion, heart rate, and breathing rate

47
Q

The midbrain houses nuclei for the following CN

A

III oculomotor

IV trochlear

48
Q

Cerebellum

A

Situated at the base of the brain, just posterior to the brainstem

Like the cerebrum, the cerebellum is also comprised of two hemispheres

49
Q

Functions of Cerebellum

A

Responsible for smooth, graded, flowing, coordinated movements, including those used in speech production.

Maintains overall tone and truncal tone (type of muscle tone in the trunk)

Important in posture, balance, coordination.

Regulates force and timing of movements

50
Q

Cranial Nerves (CN)

A

There are 12 pairs of CN of which 7 are highly relevant to clinical practice in both speech-language pathology and audiology

CN are always referred to by NAME and/or ROMAN NUMERAL. Referring to CN X Vagus as CN 10 would be incorrect

All but TWO of the CN arise from the brainstem and exit the brain

51
Q

CN

A

I - Olfactory

II - Optic

III - Oculomotor

IV - Trochlear Accessory

V - Trigeminal

VI - Abducens

VII - Facial

VIII - Auditory or Vestibulocochlear

IX - Glossopharyngeal

X - Vagus

XI - Accessory or Spinal

XII - Hypoglossal

Odor of Orangutang Terrified Tarzan After Forty Vicious Gorillas Voraciously Attacked Him

52
Q

Odor of Orangutang Terrified Tarzan After Forty Vicious Gorillas Voraciously Attacked Him

A

Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

53
Q

CN are either ____ or _____ or ______

A

Sensory or Motor or Both

Sensory means that a nerve is responsible for bringing sensory information to the brain for processing

MOTOR means that a nerve is responsible for sending out a neural signal that tells a muscle to fire or contract

ALL CN are paired

54
Q

Mnemonic Device for Sensory or Motor:

Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most

A

CN I: Olfactory - Sensory only for smell

55
Q

CN II: Optic

A

Sensory only for vision. Transmits information from the eye to the brain for processing. It’s the primary nerve of sight

56
Q

CN III: Oculomotor

A

Motor Only. Innervates those muscles that move the eyes and that allow the pupils to constrict

57
Q

CN IV: Trochlear

A

Motor only. Also aids in eye movements

58
Q

CN V: Trigeminal.

A

Sensory and Motor. Mastication, swallowing, + protection of the ear from excessively loud noises. Assists with soft palate elevation

59
Q

CN VI: Abducens.

A

Motor only Abducts (moves away from mideline, towards the temporal bone) the eyes

60
Q

CN VII: Facial.

A

Sensory and Motor. Muscles of facial expression, sensory for the tongue + palate

61
Q

CN VIII: Auditory.

A

Sensory only. Sense of hearing and for balance/equilibrium

62
Q

CN IX: glossopharyngeal

A

. Sensory and Motor. Assistant to CN X Vagus. Motor for deglutition. Sensory for larynx, pharynx, tongue, EAM

63
Q

CN X: Vagus.

A

Sensory and Motor. Motor for larynx, pharynx, velum + digestion, cardiovascular function. Sensory for larynx, pharynx, tongue root, epiglottis, and for heart/abdominal viscera [viscera - large internal organs]

64
Q

CN XI: Accessory or Spinal Accessory.

A

Motor only. Assistant to CN X. Also, head turning, tilting, and shoulder extension.

65
Q

CN XII: Hypoglossal.

A

Motor only for extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue

Anatomy and Physiology of the Speech and Hearing Mechanism (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions