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Anatomy and Physiology of the Speech and Hearing Mechanism > Anatomy Vocabulary > Flashcards

Anatomy Vocabulary Flashcards

To become familiar with the language and terminology used in Anatomical Study of speech and hearing

1
Q

Anatomy (Gr. Anatome, dissection)

A

The study of the structure of an organism

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2
Q

Physiology

A

the study of the function of the living organism and its parts, as well as the chemical process involved

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3
Q

Dissection

A

Process of Cutting Up

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4
Q

Applied or clinical anatomy

A

Application of anatomical study for the dx and treatment of disease and surgical procedures

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5
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Studies the structures that are visible w/o microscope

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5
Q

Descriptive or systemic anatomy

A

Description of individual parts of the body without reference to disease conditions, viewing the body as a composite of systems that function together

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6
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

examines structures that are not visible to the unaided eye

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7
Q

Surface or superficial Anatomy

A

studies the form and structure of the surface of the body, especially with reference to the organs beneath the surface

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8
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

development of the organism from conception

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9
Q

pathological anatomy

A

study examines disease conditions or structural abnormalities

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10
Q

comparative anatomy

A

comparisons across species boundaries

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11
Q

electrophysiological techniques

A

measure electrical activity of single cells or groups of cells, including muscle and nervous system tissues

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12
Q

cytology

A

Gr. kotos, cell; logos, study - study of cells

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13
Q

histology

A

Gr. histos, web, tissue; logos, study - microscopic study of cells and tissue

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14
Q

osteology

A

Gr. osteon, bone; logos, study - study of bone structure

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15
Q

myology

A

Gr, mys, muscle; logos study - study of muscles

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16
Q

arthrology

A

Gr. arthron, joint; logos study - study of joints uniting bones

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17
Q

angiology

A

Gr. angio, blood vessels; logos study - study of blood vessels and the lymphatic system

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18
Q

neurology

A

Gr. neuron, sinew, nerve; logos, study - study of diseases of the nervous system

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19
Q

proliferation

A

rapid increase of cells

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20
Q

Teratogen or teratogenic agent

A

Anything causing teratogenesis - development of a severely malformed fetus. For it to be teratogenic, must have occurred during prenatal development

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21
Q

Anatomical Position

A

The body is erect, and the palms, arms, and hands face forward

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22
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Head and the Trunk, with the spinal column being the axis

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23
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

includes upper and lower limbs

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24
Q

Neuraxis

A

the axis of the brain, is slightly less straightforward due to morphological changes of the brain during development

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25
Q

What changes happen to the brain in development?

A

The embryonic nervous system is essentially tubular, but as the cerebral cortex develops, a flexure occurs and the telencephalon (later becoming cerebrum) folds forward. As a results, the neurosis assumes a T-formation.

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26
Q

Anterior

A

Front surface of a body

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27
Q

Posterior

A

Back of the structure

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28
Q

Dorsal (superior for brain)

A

Back of the body

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29
Q

Ventral (inferior for the brain)

A

Front; pertaining to the belly or anterior surface (can be different for quadruped - 4 footed animals and biped - 2 footed animals

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30
Q

frontal section or frontal view

A

Divides body into front and back halves - coronal plane

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31
Q

Coronal plane

A

Divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) sections

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32
Q

Median or sagittal plane

A

Where you divide the body into left and right halves but for Sagittal the halves are not equal in size

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33
Q

Midsagittal section

A

an anatomical section that divides the body into left and right halves in the median plane

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34
Q

Transverse or horizontal Plane or transaxial/axial

A

Divides the body into upper and lower portions

Radiological orientation always assumes you are looking from the feet toward the head

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35
Q

Medial

A

Towards the axis or midline

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36
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the axis or midline

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37
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body

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38
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite side of the body

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39
Q

External-superficial vs internal-deep

A

Used when describing the layering of tissues or organs

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40
Q

Superficial

A

Towards the surface.

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41
Q

Deep

A

Away from the surface

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42
Q

Rostral

A

Anterior

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43
Q

Caudal

A

Posterior

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44
Q

Caudal

A

Posterior

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45
Q

Terms used to describe neonate and the brain

A

Ventral, dorsal, rostral, caudal

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46
Q

Central

A

Located at the center or core - central nervous system is brain and spinal cord

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47
Q

Peripheral

A

Located on the outward surface or toward the outer surface - peripheral nervous system - peripheral nerve

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48
Q

Proximal and distal

A

Used when referring to an extremity of the body such as hand or foot. Distal means distance and further away from the center

E.g. right knee is proximal to the R foot
Left wrist is distal to the left shoulder etc

Clinical relevance - some diseases begin distally and move proximally- Parkinson’s

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49
Q

Proximal

A

Toward the body - away from an extremity

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50
Q

Distal

A

Away from body - towards an extremity

51
Q

Abduct or abduction

A

To move away from midline

E.g. Terms used to describe movement of vocal folds. When abducted they are open

52
Q

Adduct or adduction

A

To move towards the midline

When the vocal folds are addicted they are closed

53
Q

Rostral

A

L. rostra’s, beak-like

often used t mean toward the head. if referring to structures within cranium, it means anterior to another

54
Q

flexion

A

bending at the joint

55
Q

Superior

A

Above or farther from the ground

56
Q

Inferior

A

Below or closer to the ground

57
Q

Prone

A

Body in horizontal position with face down (on the belly)

58
Q

Supine

A

Body in horizontal position with face up (on the back)

59
Q

Lateral

A

Related to the side

60
Q

Medial

A

Toward the median plane

61
Q

Extension

A

opposite of flexion - to stretch

62
Q

Hyperextension

A

extreme extension

63
Q

dorsiflexion (hyperextension)

A

flexion that brings dorsal surfaces into closer proximity

64
Q

plantar

A

pertaining to the sole of the foot

65
Q

plantar flexion

A

flexion of toes of the foot

66
Q

inversion

A

to turn in

67
Q

eversion

A

too turn out

68
Q

palmar

A

pertaining to the palm of the hand

69
Q

ipsi

A

same

70
Q

thorax

A

the part of the body between the diaphragm and the seventh cervical vertebra

71
Q

abdomen

A

belly

72
Q

dorsal trunk

A

the region commonly referred to as the back of the body

73
Q

pelvis

A

area formed by the bones of the hip area

74
Q

The skull consists of two components

A

cranial portions (houses the brain) and facial part (houses mouth, pharynx, nasal cavity, structures related to upper airway and mastication)

75
Q

Which two parts of the body make up the trunk or torso?

A

abdomen and thorax

76
Q

upper extremities

A

portion of the body made up of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand

77
Q

lower extremity

A

portion of the body made up of the thigh, leg, ankle, foot

78
Q

Five enclosed cavities in which organs reside?

A

Cranial cavity (brain lives), vertebral canal (spinal cord), thoracic cavity (lungs and related structures), pericardial cavity (heart), abdominal cavity (digestive organs)

79
Q

axial skeleton consists of?

A

trunk and head

80
Q

appendicular skeleton consists of ?

A

upper and lower extremities

81
Q

anatomical terminology

A

set of terms used to define the position and orientation of structures

82
Q

tissue

A

L. texere, to weave

83
Q

The building block of the body is?

A

Cell - living tissue that contains a nucleus and a variety of cellular material specialized too its particular function. Cells differ on the type of tissue they comprise

84
Q

Four basic types of tissues?

A

epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues

85
Q

epithelial tissue

A

the cells making up the skin and the superficial layer of mucous membranes, as well as linings of cavities of the body

86
Q

What makes the epithelial tissue interesting?

A

shortage of intercellular material in comparison to other tissue; however it allows the cells to form a tightly paced sheet that acts as a protective layer; e.g. epithelial lining of vocal folds keeps tissues from becoming dehydrated (singers)

87
Q

A few examples of epithelia tissues

A

Secretory - glandular epithelium; absorption e.g. villi - linings of intestines; cilia for hair-like protrusions to remove contaminants “beating ciliated epithelia”

88
Q

motile

A

function involves movement (cilia are motile)

89
Q

simple epithelium

A

single layer of cells

Squamous; Cuboidal; Columnar; Ciliated

90
Q

Squamous (pavement) epithelium

A

Single layer of flat cells; linings of blood vessels, heart, alveoli, lymphatic vessels

91
Q

Cuboidal (cubical) epithelium

A

cube-shaped; secretory function in some glands, such as thyroid

92
Q

Columnar Epithelium

A

Single layer, cylindrical cells, inner lining for stomach, intestines, gall bladder, bile ducts

93
Q

Ciliated Epithelium

A

Cylindrical cells with cilia; lining of nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi

94
Q

Compound Epithelium

A

Different layers of cells

Stratified; transitional

95
Q

Stratified Epithelium

A

flattened cells Ono bed of columnar cells; epidermis of skin, lining of mouth, pharynx, esophagus, conjunctiva

96
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Pear-shaped cells; lining of bladder

97
Q

Basement membrane

A

Baseplate; made predominantly of collagen; underlies epithelial tissue; serves stabilizing and other functions, including joining epithelial and connective tissues.

98
Q

Connective Tissue

A

most complex; purpose is support and protection; composed predominantly of intercellular material, known as the matrix

99
Q

Matrix

A

an intercellular material that holds or constrains another material

100
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

Areolar, adipose, white fibrous, yellow elastic, lymphoid, cartilage, blood, bone

101
Q

Interstitial

A

L. interstitium; space or gap in tissue

102
Q

Areolar

A

loose connective tissue; elastic, supports organs; between muscles

103
Q

Adipose

A

Areolar tissue with high fat cells; Cells with fat globules; between muscles and organs

104
Q

White fibrous

A

connective tissue that is Strong and dense, closely paced; ligaments binding structures (e.g. bones); periosteum covering bone; covering of organs; fascia over muscle

105
Q

yellow elastic

A

cartilaginous connective tissue that has reduced collagen and increased numbers of elastic fibers

106
Q

mucus

A

secretion by specialized cells that derive from epithelium

107
Q

lymphoid

A

lymphocytes; make up lymphoid tissue of tonsils, adenoids, lymphatic nodes

108
Q

fibrous tissue

A

tissue that binds structures together and that may contain combinations of fiber types

109
Q

Why is cartilage important?

A

has unique properties of strength and elasticity (important in the respiratory system, phonatory system, and articulation/resonatory system

110
Q

Types of cartilage

A

Hyaline; fibrocartilage; yellow

111
Q

Hyaline

A

blues white and smooth; found Ono articulating surfaces of bones, costal cartilage of ribs, larynx, trachea, and bronchial passageway

112
Q

Blood

A

Connective tissue comprising of plasma, and blood cells suspended in this plasma matrix

113
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

connective tissue fibers that contain collagen, providing a cushioning for structures; dense, white, flexible fibers; intervertebral disks; between surfaces of knee joints

114
Q

bone

A

hardest of the connective tissue

115
Q

compact bone

A

bone characterized microscopically by its lamellar for sheet-like structure

116
Q

spongy bone

A

bone that appears porous; contains marrow that produces red and white blood cells

117
Q

fibroblast

A

L. Fibra, fibrous; Gr. blastos, germ; tissue element able to synthesize and secrete protein; rrespnsoible for the production of the extracellular matrix; helpful in wound repair

118
Q

The larynx, trachea, and bronchial passageway are made up of which type of cartilage?

A

hyaline

119
Q

a few forms of healing connective tissue?

A

fibroblasts -creating a matrix that aids in supplying healing to the wound site

macrophages - responsible for collection off waste or necrotic (dead) tissue. engulf bacteria and dead tissue and digest them by secreting soluble proteins

lymphocytes - antibody supplication

Mast cells - first response to irritation, namely inflammation

120
Q

Types of muscular tissue

A

striated; smooth; cardiac

121
Q

Types of nervous tissue

A

neurons; glial cells

122
Q

Muscle tissue

A

contractile tissue that has muscle fibers capable of being stimulated to contract

123
Q

Striated

A

skeletal muscle, voluntary or somatic muscle (move skeletal structures and can be moved in response to conscious voluntary processes); striped appearance on microscopic examination

124
Q

Smooth muscle

A

muscle found in the viscera, including digestive tract and blood vessels; sheet-lie with spindle shape cells

125
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

muscle of the heart composed of cells that interconnect in a net-like fashiono

126
Q

Which muscle tissue if outside of voluntary control and part of the autonomic (self-regulating) for involuntary nervous system?

A

Cardiac muscle

Anatomy and Physiology of the Speech and Hearing Mechanism (10 decks)

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