Anatomy Vocabulary Flashcards
To become familiar with the language and terminology used in Anatomical Study of speech and hearing
Anatomy (Gr. Anatome, dissection)
The study of the structure of an organism
Physiology
the study of the function of the living organism and its parts, as well as the chemical process involved
Dissection
Process of Cutting Up
Applied or clinical anatomy
Application of anatomical study for the dx and treatment of disease and surgical procedures
Gross anatomy
Studies the structures that are visible w/o microscope
Descriptive or systemic anatomy
Description of individual parts of the body without reference to disease conditions, viewing the body as a composite of systems that function together
Microscopic Anatomy
examines structures that are not visible to the unaided eye
Surface or superficial Anatomy
studies the form and structure of the surface of the body, especially with reference to the organs beneath the surface
Developmental Anatomy
development of the organism from conception
pathological anatomy
study examines disease conditions or structural abnormalities
comparative anatomy
comparisons across species boundaries
electrophysiological techniques
measure electrical activity of single cells or groups of cells, including muscle and nervous system tissues
cytology
Gr. kotos, cell; logos, study - study of cells
histology
Gr. histos, web, tissue; logos, study - microscopic study of cells and tissue
osteology
Gr. osteon, bone; logos, study - study of bone structure
myology
Gr, mys, muscle; logos study - study of muscles
arthrology
Gr. arthron, joint; logos study - study of joints uniting bones
angiology
Gr. angio, blood vessels; logos study - study of blood vessels and the lymphatic system
neurology
Gr. neuron, sinew, nerve; logos, study - study of diseases of the nervous system
proliferation
rapid increase of cells
Teratogen or teratogenic agent
Anything causing teratogenesis - development of a severely malformed fetus. For it to be teratogenic, must have occurred during prenatal development
Anatomical Position
The body is erect, and the palms, arms, and hands face forward
Axial Skeleton
Head and the Trunk, with the spinal column being the axis
Appendicular Skeleton
includes upper and lower limbs
Neuraxis
the axis of the brain, is slightly less straightforward due to morphological changes of the brain during development
What changes happen to the brain in development?
The embryonic nervous system is essentially tubular, but as the cerebral cortex develops, a flexure occurs and the telencephalon (later becoming cerebrum) folds forward. As a results, the neurosis assumes a T-formation.
Anterior
Front surface of a body
Posterior
Back of the structure
Dorsal (superior for brain)
Back of the body
Ventral (inferior for the brain)
Front; pertaining to the belly or anterior surface (can be different for quadruped - 4 footed animals and biped - 2 footed animals
frontal section or frontal view
Divides body into front and back halves - coronal plane
Coronal plane
Divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) sections
Median or sagittal plane
Where you divide the body into left and right halves but for Sagittal the halves are not equal in size
Midsagittal section
an anatomical section that divides the body into left and right halves in the median plane
Transverse or horizontal Plane or transaxial/axial
Divides the body into upper and lower portions
Radiological orientation always assumes you are looking from the feet toward the head
Medial
Towards the axis or midline
Lateral
Away from the axis or midline
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body
Contralateral
On the opposite side of the body
External-superficial vs internal-deep
Used when describing the layering of tissues or organs
Superficial
Towards the surface.
Deep
Away from the surface
Rostral
Anterior
Caudal
Posterior
Caudal
Posterior
Terms used to describe neonate and the brain
Ventral, dorsal, rostral, caudal
Central
Located at the center or core - central nervous system is brain and spinal cord
Peripheral
Located on the outward surface or toward the outer surface - peripheral nervous system - peripheral nerve
Proximal and distal
Used when referring to an extremity of the body such as hand or foot. Distal means distance and further away from the center
E.g. right knee is proximal to the R foot
Left wrist is distal to the left shoulder etc
Clinical relevance - some diseases begin distally and move proximally- Parkinson’s
Proximal
Toward the body - away from an extremity
Distal
Away from body - towards an extremity
Abduct or abduction
To move away from midline
E.g. Terms used to describe movement of vocal folds. When abducted they are open
Adduct or adduction
To move towards the midline
When the vocal folds are addicted they are closed
Rostral
L. rostra’s, beak-like
often used t mean toward the head. if referring to structures within cranium, it means anterior to another
flexion
bending at the joint
Superior
Above or farther from the ground
Inferior
Below or closer to the ground
Prone
Body in horizontal position with face down (on the belly)
Supine
Body in horizontal position with face up (on the back)
Lateral
Related to the side
Medial
Toward the median plane
Extension
opposite of flexion - to stretch
Hyperextension
extreme extension
dorsiflexion (hyperextension)
flexion that brings dorsal surfaces into closer proximity
plantar
pertaining to the sole of the foot
plantar flexion
flexion of toes of the foot
inversion
to turn in
eversion
too turn out
palmar
pertaining to the palm of the hand
ipsi
same
thorax
the part of the body between the diaphragm and the seventh cervical vertebra
abdomen
belly
dorsal trunk
the region commonly referred to as the back of the body
pelvis
area formed by the bones of the hip area
The skull consists of two components
cranial portions (houses the brain) and facial part (houses mouth, pharynx, nasal cavity, structures related to upper airway and mastication)
Which two parts of the body make up the trunk or torso?
abdomen and thorax
upper extremities
portion of the body made up of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand
lower extremity
portion of the body made up of the thigh, leg, ankle, foot
Five enclosed cavities in which organs reside?
Cranial cavity (brain lives), vertebral canal (spinal cord), thoracic cavity (lungs and related structures), pericardial cavity (heart), abdominal cavity (digestive organs)
axial skeleton consists of?
trunk and head
appendicular skeleton consists of ?
upper and lower extremities
anatomical terminology
set of terms used to define the position and orientation of structures
tissue
L. texere, to weave
The building block of the body is?
Cell - living tissue that contains a nucleus and a variety of cellular material specialized too its particular function. Cells differ on the type of tissue they comprise
Four basic types of tissues?
epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues
epithelial tissue
the cells making up the skin and the superficial layer of mucous membranes, as well as linings of cavities of the body
What makes the epithelial tissue interesting?
shortage of intercellular material in comparison to other tissue; however it allows the cells to form a tightly paced sheet that acts as a protective layer; e.g. epithelial lining of vocal folds keeps tissues from becoming dehydrated (singers)
A few examples of epithelia tissues
Secretory - glandular epithelium; absorption e.g. villi - linings of intestines; cilia for hair-like protrusions to remove contaminants “beating ciliated epithelia”
motile
function involves movement (cilia are motile)
simple epithelium
single layer of cells
Squamous; Cuboidal; Columnar; Ciliated
Squamous (pavement) epithelium
Single layer of flat cells; linings of blood vessels, heart, alveoli, lymphatic vessels
Cuboidal (cubical) epithelium
cube-shaped; secretory function in some glands, such as thyroid
Columnar Epithelium
Single layer, cylindrical cells, inner lining for stomach, intestines, gall bladder, bile ducts
Ciliated Epithelium
Cylindrical cells with cilia; lining of nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi
Compound Epithelium
Different layers of cells
Stratified; transitional
Stratified Epithelium
flattened cells Ono bed of columnar cells; epidermis of skin, lining of mouth, pharynx, esophagus, conjunctiva
Transitional epithelium
Pear-shaped cells; lining of bladder
Basement membrane
Baseplate; made predominantly of collagen; underlies epithelial tissue; serves stabilizing and other functions, including joining epithelial and connective tissues.
Connective Tissue
most complex; purpose is support and protection; composed predominantly of intercellular material, known as the matrix
Matrix
an intercellular material that holds or constrains another material
Types of connective tissue
Areolar, adipose, white fibrous, yellow elastic, lymphoid, cartilage, blood, bone
Interstitial
L. interstitium; space or gap in tissue
Areolar
loose connective tissue; elastic, supports organs; between muscles
Adipose
Areolar tissue with high fat cells; Cells with fat globules; between muscles and organs
White fibrous
connective tissue that is Strong and dense, closely paced; ligaments binding structures (e.g. bones); periosteum covering bone; covering of organs; fascia over muscle
yellow elastic
cartilaginous connective tissue that has reduced collagen and increased numbers of elastic fibers
mucus
secretion by specialized cells that derive from epithelium
lymphoid
lymphocytes; make up lymphoid tissue of tonsils, adenoids, lymphatic nodes
fibrous tissue
tissue that binds structures together and that may contain combinations of fiber types
Why is cartilage important?
has unique properties of strength and elasticity (important in the respiratory system, phonatory system, and articulation/resonatory system
Types of cartilage
Hyaline; fibrocartilage; yellow
Hyaline
blues white and smooth; found Ono articulating surfaces of bones, costal cartilage of ribs, larynx, trachea, and bronchial passageway
Blood
Connective tissue comprising of plasma, and blood cells suspended in this plasma matrix
Fibrocartilage
connective tissue fibers that contain collagen, providing a cushioning for structures; dense, white, flexible fibers; intervertebral disks; between surfaces of knee joints
bone
hardest of the connective tissue
compact bone
bone characterized microscopically by its lamellar for sheet-like structure
spongy bone
bone that appears porous; contains marrow that produces red and white blood cells
fibroblast
L. Fibra, fibrous; Gr. blastos, germ; tissue element able to synthesize and secrete protein; rrespnsoible for the production of the extracellular matrix; helpful in wound repair
The larynx, trachea, and bronchial passageway are made up of which type of cartilage?
hyaline
a few forms of healing connective tissue?
fibroblasts -creating a matrix that aids in supplying healing to the wound site
macrophages - responsible for collection off waste or necrotic (dead) tissue. engulf bacteria and dead tissue and digest them by secreting soluble proteins
lymphocytes - antibody supplication
Mast cells - first response to irritation, namely inflammation
Types of muscular tissue
striated; smooth; cardiac
Types of nervous tissue
neurons; glial cells
Muscle tissue
contractile tissue that has muscle fibers capable of being stimulated to contract
Striated
skeletal muscle, voluntary or somatic muscle (move skeletal structures and can be moved in response to conscious voluntary processes); striped appearance on microscopic examination
Smooth muscle
muscle found in the viscera, including digestive tract and blood vessels; sheet-lie with spindle shape cells
Cardiac muscle
muscle of the heart composed of cells that interconnect in a net-like fashiono
Which muscle tissue if outside of voluntary control and part of the autonomic (self-regulating) for involuntary nervous system?
Cardiac muscle
