Anatomy Vocabulary Flashcards
To become familiar with the language and terminology used in Anatomical Study of speech and hearing
Anatomy (Gr. Anatome, dissection)
The study of the structure of an organism
Physiology
the study of the function of the living organism and its parts, as well as the chemical process involved
Dissection
Process of Cutting Up
Applied or clinical anatomy
Application of anatomical study for the dx and treatment of disease and surgical procedures
Gross anatomy
Studies the structures that are visible w/o microscope
Descriptive or systemic anatomy
Description of individual parts of the body without reference to disease conditions, viewing the body as a composite of systems that function together
Microscopic Anatomy
examines structures that are not visible to the unaided eye
Surface or superficial Anatomy
studies the form and structure of the surface of the body, especially with reference to the organs beneath the surface
Developmental Anatomy
development of the organism from conception
pathological anatomy
study examines disease conditions or structural abnormalities
comparative anatomy
comparisons across species boundaries
electrophysiological techniques
measure electrical activity of single cells or groups of cells, including muscle and nervous system tissues
cytology
Gr. kotos, cell; logos, study - study of cells
histology
Gr. histos, web, tissue; logos, study - microscopic study of cells and tissue
osteology
Gr. osteon, bone; logos, study - study of bone structure
myology
Gr, mys, muscle; logos study - study of muscles
arthrology
Gr. arthron, joint; logos study - study of joints uniting bones
angiology
Gr. angio, blood vessels; logos study - study of blood vessels and the lymphatic system
neurology
Gr. neuron, sinew, nerve; logos, study - study of diseases of the nervous system
proliferation
rapid increase of cells
Teratogen or teratogenic agent
Anything causing teratogenesis - development of a severely malformed fetus. For it to be teratogenic, must have occurred during prenatal development
Anatomical Position
The body is erect, and the palms, arms, and hands face forward
Axial Skeleton
Head and the Trunk, with the spinal column being the axis
Appendicular Skeleton
includes upper and lower limbs
Neuraxis
the axis of the brain, is slightly less straightforward due to morphological changes of the brain during development
What changes happen to the brain in development?
The embryonic nervous system is essentially tubular, but as the cerebral cortex develops, a flexure occurs and the telencephalon (later becoming cerebrum) folds forward. As a results, the neurosis assumes a T-formation.
Anterior
Front surface of a body
Posterior
Back of the structure
Dorsal (superior for brain)
Back of the body
Ventral (inferior for the brain)
Front; pertaining to the belly or anterior surface (can be different for quadruped - 4 footed animals and biped - 2 footed animals
frontal section or frontal view
Divides body into front and back halves - coronal plane
Coronal plane
Divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) sections
Median or sagittal plane
Where you divide the body into left and right halves but for Sagittal the halves are not equal in size
Midsagittal section
an anatomical section that divides the body into left and right halves in the median plane
Transverse or horizontal Plane or transaxial/axial
Divides the body into upper and lower portions
Radiological orientation always assumes you are looking from the feet toward the head
Medial
Towards the axis or midline
Lateral
Away from the axis or midline
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body
Contralateral
On the opposite side of the body
External-superficial vs internal-deep
Used when describing the layering of tissues or organs
Superficial
Towards the surface.
Deep
Away from the surface
Rostral
Anterior
Caudal
Posterior
Caudal
Posterior
Terms used to describe neonate and the brain
Ventral, dorsal, rostral, caudal
Central
Located at the center or core - central nervous system is brain and spinal cord
Peripheral
Located on the outward surface or toward the outer surface - peripheral nervous system - peripheral nerve
Proximal and distal
Used when referring to an extremity of the body such as hand or foot. Distal means distance and further away from the center
E.g. right knee is proximal to the R foot
Left wrist is distal to the left shoulder etc
Clinical relevance - some diseases begin distally and move proximally- Parkinson’s
Proximal
Toward the body - away from an extremity