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A&P 1 > tissues > Flashcards

tissues Flashcards

1
Q

histology

A

study of tissues

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2
Q

4 types of tissues

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. muscular
  4. nervous
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3
Q

4 places epithelial tissue is located

A
  1. on the surface of organs
  2. lining organ cavities
  3. lining body cavities
  4. deep w/in glands
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4
Q

4 facts about epithelial tissue

A
  1. avascular (it doesn’t have blood vessels)
  2. innervated (wired to nerves/contains sensory receptors)
  3. it has the potential to regenerate
  4. its classified based on the number of cell layers and cell shape
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5
Q

4 types of epithelial tissue layers

A
  1. simple epithelium
  2. stratified epithelium
  3. pseudostratified epithelium
  4. transitional
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6
Q

simple epithelium

A

a single layer of cells where the nuclei of each cell line up w/ each other

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7
Q

stratified epithelium

A

multiple layers of cells

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8
Q

pseudostratified epithelium

A

a single layer of cells where the nuclei of each cell do not line up w/ each other giving it the appearance of being stratified

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9
Q

describe transitional epithelium and where is it found

A

stratified epithelium that ranges from squamos to cuboidal to columnar

in the lining of bladder, ureters and top portion of urethra

when those organs are filled w/ urine the epithelium is stretched thin becoming like stratified squamos

when those organs are empty the epithelium is less stretched becoming more like stratified cuboidal and columnar

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10
Q

3 types of epithelial tissue shapes and what they look like

A
  1. squamos cells-flat
  2. cuboidal cell-cube shaped
  3. columnar-column shaped
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11
Q

8 classifications of epithelial tissue

A
  1. simple squamos epithelium
  2. simple cuboidal epithelium
  3. simple columnar epithelium
  4. stratified sqaumos epithelium
  5. stratified cuboidal epithelium
  6. stratified columnar epithelium
  7. pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  8. transitional epithelium
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12
Q

simple squamos epithelium is found mainly in what 3 areas and has what kind of texture

A

in the walls of alveoli, on the surface of many internal organs and lining inside of blood vessels

texture is slick to reduce friction

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13
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium is found mainly where and what are its 2 functions

A

in the walls of kidney tubules

filter blood and form urine

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14
Q

simple columnar epithelium is found mainly in what 3 areas

A

lining most of the digestive tract, fallopian tubes and uterus

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15
Q

stratified squamos epithelium is found in what 7 areas and serves what purpose

A

found in epidermis, moist lining for nasal cavity/mouth/air ways/vagina/urethra/anus

serves as a protective lining or covering

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16
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium is found where

A

very rare in body, found in ducts of some glands

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17
Q

stratified columnar epithelium is found where

A

very rare, in ducts of some glands

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18
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium is mainly found in what 2 areas

A

lines trachea, in testes

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19
Q

11 types of connective tissue

A
  1. areolar tissue
  2. adipose tissue
  3. reticular tissue
  4. dense irregular tissue
  5. dense irregular tissue
  6. elastic tissue
  7. hyaline cartilage
  8. fibrocartilage
  9. elastic cartilage
  10. bone tissue
  11. blood
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20
Q

4 facts about connective tissue

A
  1. most abundant type of tissue in the body
  2. its vascular (w/ the exception of cartilage and dense regular and irregular connective tissue)
  3. its innervated (w/ the exception of cartilage)
  4. has the potential to regenerate (w/ the exception of cartilage)
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21
Q

2 structural components of connective tissue

A
  1. connective tissue cells
  2. connective tissue matrix
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22
Q

2 types of connective tissue cells and what they are

A
  1. ones that end in the suffix “blast” are immature cells that produce new connective tissue matrix
  2. ones that end in “cyte” are gown up “blast” that became trapped in their own matrix and now maintain it
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23
Q

connective tissue matrix is what and made-up of what two things

A

it is extracellular material made-up of matrix ground subtance and matrix protien fibers

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24
Q

what is ground subtance

A

fluid, gel or crystals of the connective tissue matrix (only crystal in bones)

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25
Q

what role do protein fibers play in the connective tissue matrix

A

give rise to the connective tissue’s physical characteristics

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26
Q

3 types of protein fibers in the connective tissue matrix

A
  1. collagen protein fibers
  2. elsatic protein fibers “elastin”
  3. reticular protein fibers
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27
Q

2 facts about collagen protein fibers

A
  1. its the most abundant protien fiber in the body
  2. it allows connective tissue to bend but not stretch by forming microscopic ropes
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28
Q

describe elastic protein fibers

A

they are protein fibers that can bend, stretch and recoil after being stretched (like a bungy cord)

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29
Q

how are reticular protein fibers arranged and what’s their function

A

they’re like a fishing net that functions to filter out material flowing through the tissue

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30
Q

areolar connective tissue

  1. matrix ground substance
  2. three matrix protein fibers
  3. cells
  4. location
  5. function
A
  1. matrix ground substance: liquid
  2. matrix protein fibers: collagen protein fibers, elastic protein fibers, reticular protein fibers
  3. cells: fibroblasts/fibrocytes
  4. location: found beneath epitheal tissue
  5. function: bind epitheal tissue to organs
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31
Q

adipose connective tissue “fat tissue”

  1. matrix ground subtance
  2. three matrix protein fibers
  3. cells
  4. two locations
  5. function
A
  1. matrix ground substance: fluid
  2. matrix protein fibers: collagen protein fibers, elastic protein fibers and reticular protein fibers
  3. cells: mostly adipoblasts/adipocytes
  4. location: hypodermis and surrounding some internal organs (heart, liver, kidneys)
  5. function: cushion the body, insulate heat and store lipids
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32
Q

reticular connective tissue

  1. matrix ground subtance
  2. matrix protein fibers
  3. cells
  4. location
  5. function
A
  1. matrix ground subtance: liquid
  2. matrix protein fibers: reticular protein fibers
  3. fibroblasts/fibrocytes
  4. location: lymphatic organs (bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes)
  5. function: filtration
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33
Q

dense regular connective tissue

  1. matrix ground substance
  2. matrix protein fibers and arranged how
  3. cells
  4. two locations
A
  1. matrix ground substance: little ground substance
  2. matrix protein fibers: collagen protein fibers in parallel lines
  3. cells: fibroblasts/fibrocytes
  4. location: tendons and ligaments
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34
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

  1. matrix ground substance
  2. matrix protein fibers and arranged how
  3. cells
  4. two locations
A
  1. matrix ground substance: little ground substance
  2. matrix protein fibers: collagen protein fibers randomly arranged
  3. cells: fibroblasts/fibrocytes
  4. location: dermis and synovial joint capsules
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35
Q

elastic connective tissue

  1. matrix ground substance
  2. matrix protein fibers
  3. cells
  4. two locations
A
  1. matrix ground substance: little ground substance
  2. matrix protein fibers: elastic protein fibers
  3. cells: fibroblasts/fibrocytes
  4. location: walls of alveoli and arteries
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36
Q

hyaline cartilage

  1. matrix ground substance
  2. matrix protein fibers
  3. cells
  4. six locations
A
  1. matrix ground substance: gel
  2. matrix protein fibers: collagen protein fibers
  3. cells: chondroblasts/chondrocytes
  4. location: nose, larynx, trachea, large airways of lungs, on the ends of long bones, between ribs and sternum
37
Q

fibrocartilage

  1. matrix ground substance
  2. matrix protein fibers
  3. cells
  4. two locations
  5. function
A
  1. matrix ground substance: gel
  2. matrix protein fibers: more collagen protein fibers than hyaline cartilage
  3. cells: chondroblasts/chondrocytes
  4. location: intervertebral discs and menisci
  5. function: shock absorbtion
38
Q

elastic cartilage

  1. matrix ground substance
  2. two matrix protein fibers
  3. cells
  4. two locations
A
  1. matrix ground subtsnace: gel
  2. matrix protein fibers: collagen protein fibers and elastic protein fibers
  3. cells: chondroblasts/chondrocytes
  4. location: ear and epiglottis
39
Q

bone tissue

  1. matrix ground substance
  2. matrix protein fibers
  3. cells
A
  1. crystal matrix
  2. collagen protein fibers
  3. osteoblasts/osteocytes
40
Q

4 facts about muscular tissue

A
  1. its vascular
  2. its innervated
  3. doesn’t regenerate well
  4. contracts upon electrical stimulations
41
Q

3 types of muscle tissue and their locations

A
  1. skeletal muscle-attached to the skeleton
  2. cardiac muscle-in the heart
  3. smooth muscle-in the walls of hollow organs (digestive tract, urinary tract, uterus, blood vessels)
42
Q

skeletal muscle cells description

A

orderly, long, cylindrical, striated, multinucleated run in parallel lines to one another

43
Q

cardiac muscle cells description

A

orderly, striated, branching, uninucleated fit together at junctions called intercalated discs

44
Q

smooth muscle cell description

A

cells overlap one another at right angles

45
Q

3 facts about nervous tissue

A
  1. can regenerate under certain conditions in the nerves
  2. generates and conducts electricity
  3. controls messages between brain and parts of the body
46
Q

nervous tissue description

A

different from all other body cells

weird shaped nucleus-containing body and their cytoplasm is drawn out into long strings

47
Q

epidermis is what and made of what

A

superficial layer of skin made of about 50 layers of stratified aquamous epithelium

48
Q

3 main cell types in the epidermis

A
  1. keratinocytes
  2. basal cells
  3. melanocytes
49
Q

keratinocytes

  1. are the most what
  2. filled with what
  3. bound together via what 2 means
  4. release what
A

most abundant cell type in the epidermis

filled w/ a cytoskeletal protein called keratin

cells are bound together via tight junctions and desmosomes

release vesicles filled w/ lipids via exocytosis

50
Q

basal cells

  1. located where
  2. continuosly do what
  3. do what to the epidermis
A
  1. at the very bottom of the epidermis
  2. continuously divide to produce a new basal cell and a new keratinocyte cell
  3. regenerate the epidermis
51
Q

melanocytes

  1. located where
  2. produce what
  3. release what
  4. what happens to what it releases
A
  1. in deep layers of epidermis
  2. produce the protein melanin
  3. release vesicles filled w/ melanin via exocytosis
  4. melanin is then taken up by keratinocytes
52
Q

what’s a callous and how is it caused

A

a thickening of the epidermis caused by friction which stimulates basal cells to divide faster

53
Q

what is eczema

A

any kind of skin inflammation

54
Q

psoriasis

A

a condition where the immune system attacks and kills keratinocytes prematurely

55
Q

dandruff

A

fungal infection of epidermis of scalp which kills keratinocytes prematurely

56
Q

dermis is what and contains what 5 things

A

middle layer of skin containing

  1. blood vessels
  2. nerves
  3. sensory receptors
  4. hair follicles
  5. bodies of skin glands
57
Q

2 regions of dermis

A

papillary region

reticular region

58
Q

papillary region

  1. location
  2. made of
  3. function
  4. very large where
A
  1. upper region of dermis
  2. areolar connective tissue
  3. it binds the epidermis to the dermis via dermal papillae
  4. large in palms of hands and soles of feet giving rise to prints
59
Q

reticular region

  1. location
  2. made of
  3. function
  4. what happens when its torn
A
  1. below papillary region
  2. dense irregular tissue

3, provides skin w/ toughness

  1. scar tissue forms stretch marks
60
Q

hypodermis

  1. location
  2. made of
  3. function
  4. thickest where
A
  1. bottom layer of skin
  2. adipose connective tissue (where most of the body’s adipose tissue is located)
  3. cushions body, insulates heat and stores lipids
  4. butt and breast skin
61
Q

3 pigmnets that determine skin color

A

melanin

hemoglobin

carotene

62
Q

hemoglobin

A

red color protien in blood that gives skin its reddish color by flowing through see-through walls in capillaries in the dermis and hypodermis

63
Q

carotene

A

type of vitamin A stored in skin

it is orange-yellowish giving skin that hue

comes from orange-yellowish vegetables

64
Q

suntans are caused how

A

UV exposure stimulating melanocytes to produce and release more melanin

65
Q

freckles

A

patches of skin where melanocytes produce more melanin

66
Q

moles

A

like freckles but have more melanin causing them to have a raised surface

67
Q

albinism

A

genetic condition where melanocytes can’t produce melanin

68
Q

vitiligo

A

autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks and kills melanocytes

69
Q

hair is made of what and list 6 of it’s functions

A

made of dead keratinocytes

  1. sense of touch
  2. sun protection
  3. protects eyes from debris
  4. keeps head warm
  5. eyebrows give rise to facial expressions
  6. prevents chaffing on scrotum
70
Q

hair follicle

A

sheath that surrounds the hair root and holds it in the skin

71
Q

hair matrix

  1. location
  2. made of what 2 things
  3. function
A
  1. bottom of hair follicle
  2. basal cells and melanocytes
  3. its where keratinocytes are made to grow hair
72
Q

hair root plexus

A

nerve that wraps around the hair root and acticates touch sensation when the hair moves

73
Q

dark or brown hair is caused by what

A

dark melanin and/or high amount of melanin

74
Q

blond hair is caused by

A

bown melanin and pheomelanin (red color variety of melanin)

75
Q

red hair is caused by

A

pheomelanin

76
Q

grey hair is caused by

A

mix of white hair and colored hair

77
Q

white hair is caused by

A

no melanin

78
Q

what is the typical life span for a hair in the scalp

A

2 to 6 years

79
Q

areolar connective tissue

  1. matrix ground substance
  2. three matrix protein fibers
  3. cells
  4. location
  5. function
A
  1. matrix ground substance: liquid
  2. matrix protein fibers: collagen protein fibers, elastic protein fibers, reticular protein fibers
  3. cells: fibroblasts/fibrocytes
  4. location: found beneath epitheal tissue
  5. function: bind epitheal tissue to organs
80
Q

adipose connective tissue “fat tissue”

  1. matrix ground subtance
  2. three matrix protein fibers
  3. cells
  4. two locations
  5. function
A
  1. matrix ground substance: fluid
  2. matrix protein fibers: collagen protein fibers, elastic protein fibers and reticular protein fibers
  3. cells: mostly adipoblasts/adipocytes
  4. location: hypodermis and surrounding some internal organs (heart, liver, kidneys)
  5. function: cushion the body, insulate heat and store lipids
81
Q

dense regular connective tissue

  1. matrix ground substance
  2. matrix protein fibers and arranged how
  3. cells
  4. two locations
A
  1. matrix ground substance: little ground substance
  2. matrix protein fibers: collagen protein fibers in parallel lines
  3. cells: fibroblasts/fibrocytes
  4. location: tendons and ligaments
82
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

  1. matrix ground substance
  2. matrix protein fibers and arranged how
  3. cells
  4. two locations
A
  1. matrix ground substance: little ground substance
  2. matrix protein fibers: collagen protein fibers randomly arranged
  3. cells: fibroblasts/fibrocytes
  4. location: dermis and synovial joint capsules
83
Q

hyaline cartilage

  1. matrix ground substance
  2. matrix protein fibers
  3. cells
  4. six locations
A
  1. matrix ground substance: gel
  2. matrix protein fibers: collagen protein fibers
  3. cells: chondroblasts/chondrocytes
  4. location: nose, larynx, trachea, large airways of lungs, on the ends of long bones, between ribs and sternum
84
Q

simple squamos epithelium is found mainly in what 3 areas and has what kind of texture

A

in the walls of alveoli, on the surface of many internal organs and lining inside of blood vessels

texture is slick to reduce friction

85
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium is found mainly where and what are its 2 functions

A

in the walls of kidney tubules

filter blood and form urine

86
Q

simple columnar epithelium is found mainly in what 3 areas

A

lining most of the digestive tract, fallopian tubes and uterus

87
Q

stratified squamos epithelium is found in what 7 areas and serves what purpose

A

found in epidermis, moist lining for nasal cavity/mouth/air ways/vagina/urethra/anus

serves as a protective lining or covering

88
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium is mainly found in what 2 areas

A

lines trachea, in testes

A&P 1 (28 decks)

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