cell anatomy and division

Question 1

5 nucleus facts

Answer 1

1. near the center of the cell
2. contains DNA
3. control center of the cell
4. necessary for cell reproduction
5. it’s where transcription occurs (RNA synthesisi)

Question 2

nucleolus is located where; composed of what; what’s its function

Answer 2

in center of nucleus

composed of protiens and RNA

FUNCTION: packaging site for ribosomes (where ribosomes are made)

Question 3

chromatin

Answer 3

genetic material (DNA bound w/ proteins) loosely dispersed in nucleus when cell is not dividing

condenses and becomes chromosomes in cell division

Question 4

nuclear envelope

Answer 4

a double-layered membrane w/ pores that bounds the nucleus

Question 5

cytoplasm consists of what and located where

Answer 5

consists of cell contents between the nucleus and the plasma membrane

Question 6

cytosol

Answer 6

fluid cytoplasmic material where organelles are suspended

Question 7

organelles

Answer 7

cellular organs the “metabolic/cellular machinery of the cell” highly organized to carry out specific functions of the cell

Question 8

ribosomes are located where; composed of what; what’s their function

Answer 8

tiny organelles in the cytoplasm free floating or attached to rough ER

composed of RNA and protein bound together

FUNCTION: site of protein synthesis “translation”

Question 9

smooth endoplasmic reticulum function

Answer 9

FUNCTION: stores calcium in muscle cells where steroids are made

Question 10

rough endoplasmic reticulum has what on it; what are its 2 functions

Answer 10

ribosomes on it

FUNCTIONS:

1. fold and package newly made proteins from ribosomes into vesicles
2. deliver the vesicles to golgi apparratus

Question 11

golgi apparatus 2 functions

Answer 11

FUNCTIONS:

1. receives newly made proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum and gives them their native/functional structure
2. delivers proteins to their functional region in the cell

Question 12

lysosomes 2 functions

Answer 12

FUNCTIONS:

1. fuse w/ and breakdown worn out organelles with their enzymes (for recycling)
2. fuse w/ and breakdown vesicles derived from endocytosis

Question 13

mitochondria is known as what; resemble what, what are it’s 2 functions

Answer 13

“powerhouses of the cell” resemble kidney beans

FUNCTIONS:

1. produce ATP by using oxygen, carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
2. produce most of cell’s carbon dioxide

Question 14

cytoskeleton is a network of what located where that provides the cell w/ what 5 things

Answer 14

a network of structural proteins in the cytoplasm that provides the cell with:

1. a scaffolding beneath the plasma mebrane that provides the cell w/ its shape
2. strength to prevent the cell from tearing apart
3. a transportation network to move organelles and vesicles throughout the cytoplasm
4. the machinery for muscle cell contraction
5. a role in cell division

Question 15

centrioles located where; what’s their functions

Answer 15

located in cytoplasm

FUNCTIONS: form basal bodies and help direct mitotic spindle formation during cell division

Question 16

plasma membrane

Answer 16

forms the external boundary of the cell

Question 17

2 main periods of cell cycle

Answer 17

1. interphase
2. mitotic phase

Question 18

interphase

Answer 18

longer period during which the cell grows and carries out its specialized functioning

Question 19

4 stages of interphase

Answer 19

1. Gap 1 (G1)…normal cell functioning and growth
2. Synthesis (S)…DNA replicates
3. Gap 2 (G2)…cell ready for mitosis (all replication completed)
4. Gap 0 (G0)…cell is suspended in interphase for the rest of its life because its not programmed to divide; most cells in an adult human EX: brain cells, heart cells

Question 20

mitotic phase

Answer 20

cell division when the cell reproduces itself by dividing

Question 21

2 events of mitotic phase

Answer 21

1. mitosis
2. cytokinesis

Question 22

mitosis

Answer 22

division of copied DNA from mother cell to 2 daughter nuclei

daughters are genetically identical to mother cell

Question 23

4 phases of mitosis

Answer 23

prophase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

Question 24

3 things that happen during prophase

Answer 24

1. nuclear envelope breaks down
2. chromatin condenses into 46 chromosomes/23 pairs
3. centrioles form mitotic spindles at opposite ends of the cell

Question 25

2 things that happen during metaphase

Answer 25

1. chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell on the metaphase plate
2. mitotic spindles connect to chromosomes at the centromere

Question 26

what happens during anaphase

Answer 26

one set of chromosomes move along one mitotic spindle, the other set moves along the other spindle

each side will end up w/ a full set of chromosomes

Question 27

what happens during telophase

Answer 27

2 new nuclei form around each set of chromosomes

Question 28

cytokinesis begins when and does what

Answer 28

begins when mitosis in nearly complete (in telophase)

division of the cytoplasm when the cleavage furrow is pinched between the 2 nuclei resulting in 2 genetically identical cells