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A&P 1 > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

3 general functions of nervous system

A
  1. motor (efferent) functioning
  2. sensory (afferent) functioning
  3. integrative (associative) functioning
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2
Q

motor functioning

  1. aka
  2. two functions
A
  1. efferent functioning
  2. controls muscle contractions and gland secretions
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3
Q

sensory functioning

  1. aka
  2. function
A
  1. afferent functioning
  2. detection of body’s internal/external environment
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4
Q

integrative functioning

  1. aka
  2. five functions
A
  1. associative functioning
  2. memory, emotion, interpretation of senses, logic, creativity
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5
Q

central nervous system consists of what 2 things

A
  1. brain
  2. spinal cord
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6
Q

peripheral nervous system consists of what 3 things

A
  1. nerves
  2. sensory receptors
  3. sensory organs
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7
Q

peripheral nervous system: motor

2 divisions

A
  1. somatic nervous system
  2. autonomic nervous system
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8
Q

somatic nervous system

  1. what wired to what
  2. controls what
A
  1. nerves wired to skeletal muscles (motor units)
  2. controls voluntary skeletal muscle contractions
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9
Q

autonomic nervous system

  1. what wired to what 3 things
  2. controls what 3 things
A
  1. nerves wired to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
  2. controls involuntary smooth muscle and cardiac contractions, controls gland secretions
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10
Q

peripheral nervous system: sensory

  1. what wired to what 2 things
  2. relay what to what
A
  1. nerves wired to sensory receptors and sensory organs
  2. relay sensory impulses to central nervous system
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11
Q

2 main nervous system cell types

A
  1. glial cells
  2. neurons
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12
Q

glial cells

  1. aka
  2. what are they
A
  1. neuroglia
  2. supporting cells that surround and maintain the environment around neurons
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13
Q

6 types of glial cells

A
  1. astrocytes
  2. microglia
  3. ependymal cells
  4. oligodendrocytes
  5. satellite cells
  6. schwann cells
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14
Q

astrocytes

  1. most what
  2. location
  3. shape
  4. function one
  5. function two
A
  1. most abundant type of nervous system cell
  2. found in brain and spinal cord
  3. star shaped
  4. hold neurons in place
  5. have extensions that wrap around capillaries of brain and spinal cord to help regulate which chemicals can cross from blood to brain and spinal cord
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15
Q

microglia

A

immune cells in the brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

ependymal cells

  1. location
  2. function
A
  1. line the walls of the brain’s ventricles
  2. continuously filter blood and produce new cerebrospinal fluid
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17
Q

oligodendrocytes

  1. location
  2. function
A
  1. found in brain and spinal cord
  2. wrap around the axons of neurons forming a myelin sheath
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18
Q

myelin sheath function

A

insulate and speed up conduction of electricity down the length of an axon

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19
Q

satellite cells

  1. just like what other cells
  2. location
A
  1. like astrocytes
  2. found in peripheral nervous system
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20
Q

schwann cells

  1. just like what other cells
  2. location
  3. added function
A
  1. like oligodendrocytes
  2. found in peripheral nervous system
  3. involved in repairing axons
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21
Q

neurons are what

A

cells that generate and conduct electricity

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22
Q

9 structures of a neuron

A
  1. nucleus
  2. cell body
  3. dendrites
  4. axon hillock
  5. axon
  6. axon terminal
  7. synapse
  8. post synoptic cell
  9. nodes of ranvier
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23
Q

dendrites function

A

receive signals that either activate or inhibit neuron

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24
Q

axon function

A

conducts electricity down its length

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25
Q

axon terminal function

A

stores and when electricity enters it, releases neurotransmitters in vesicles

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26
Q

synapse

A

fluid outside the axon terminal where neurotransmitters are released

27
Q

post synoptic cell could be 1 of the 3 things

A
  1. muscle cell
  2. gland cell
  3. another neuron
28
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

spaces between the myelin sheaths along the axon

29
Q

2 ways neurons are classified

A
  1. structural classification
  2. functional classification
30
Q

3 structural classifications of neurons

A
  1. multipolar neurons
  2. bipolar neurons
  3. unipolar neurons
31
Q

multipolar neurons

  1. most what
  2. what is it
A
  1. most common type
  2. multiple dendrites attached directly to the cell body
32
Q

bipolar neurons are what

A

one dendrite attached directly to the cell body

33
Q

unipolar neurons are what

A

cell body w/ only an axon attached

34
Q

functional classification of motor neurons

  1. wired to what 2 things
  2. type of structure
  3. controls what 2 things
A
  1. wired to skeletal muscles and glands
  2. multipolar
  3. controls muscle contractions and gland secretions
35
Q

functional classification of sensory neurons

  1. type of structure
  2. do what
A
  1. any of 3 structural types
  2. relay impulses from sensory receptors to brain and or spinal cord
36
Q

functional classification of integrative neurons

  1. type of structure
  2. found in what 2 places
A
  1. multipolar
  2. found in brain and spinal cord
37
Q

2 types of nervous tissue and what they are made of what do they both have in common

A
  1. white matter: myelinated axons
  2. gray matter: dendrites, cell bodies, unmyelinated axons

both types have neuroglia

38
Q

electricity is what

A

movement of charged particles (sodium ions in humans) through an object

39
Q

ion channels

A

proteins in plasma membrane of cell that allow a specific ion to pass in or out of the cell

40
Q

3 classes of ion channels in neurons

A
  1. ligand-gated
  2. mechanically-gated

3 voltage-gated

41
Q

ligand-gated ion channels open when what is a ligand

A

open in response to binding of a specific ligand

ligand is a chemical that binds to a protein (a neurotransmitter, a hormone or a drug)

42
Q

mechanically-gated ion channels open when

A

open in response to pressure or stretch

43
Q

voltage-gated ions open when

A

open in response to a specific voltage surrounding the channel

44
Q

neuron’s resting membrane potential

A

the electrical charge in neurons when they aren’t conducting electricity = -70 millivolts

45
Q

when a neuron is at rest

  1. what ion is more abundant outside of it
  2. what ion is more abundant inside of it
A
  1. more sodium outside
  2. more potassium inside
46
Q

main cation inside and outside of neurons

A

inside= potassium

outside= sodium

47
Q

5 stages of action potential

A
  1. resting membrane potential of neuron/cell of -70mv
  2. threshold for action potential to occur is -55mv
  3. depolarization caused by sodium entering cell spikes charge to +30mv
  4. repolarization caused by potassium leaving cell drops charge down to below -70mv
  5. hyperpolarization when the cell’s charge is below -70mv but quickly corrected back to -70mv by moving sodium out of cell and potassium back in
48
Q

depolarization

A

when a neuron/cell becomes less negative and then eventually positive because ion channels open and sodium enters the neuron/cell

49
Q

repolarization

A

when a neuron/cell beomes more negative because ion channels open and potassium exits the neuron/cell

50
Q

hyperpolarization

A

when a neuron/cell after repolarization actually gets more negative than resting membrane potential, but this is corrected quickly

51
Q

after neurotransmitter molecules are released into the synapse they can diffuse across what then bind to and activate what

A

diffuse across synapse then bind to and activate neurotransmitter receptors on the post synaptic cells

52
Q

when the post synaptic cell a neurotransmitter activates is a muscle cell what is triggered

A

muscle cell contraction or relaxation

53
Q

when the post synaptic cell a neurotransmitter activates is a gland what is triggered

A

secretion or inhibition of secretion

54
Q

when the post synaptic cell a neurotransmitter binds to is a neuron the neurotransmitter receptor would be a what kind of gated channel and trigger what 2 possible outcomes

A

the neurotransmitter receptor would be a ligand-gated ion channel and trigger either depolarization (activation) or hyperpolarization (inhibition)

55
Q

after neurotransmitter molecules are released into the synapse they can diffuse out of what and then be taken up by what

A

diffuse out of synapse then taken up by neuroglia

56
Q

after neurotransmitter molecules are released into the synapse some synapses have what that break them down and remove them to prevent what

A

some synapses have enzymes that break down the neurotransmitter molecules and remove them from the synapse to prevent the post synaptic cell from being overstimulated

57
Q

after neurotransmitter molecules are released into the synapse some what have channels or pumps that move them back into where for what 2 reasons

A

some axon terminals have channels or pumps that move the neurotransmitter molecules back into the axon terminal to be reused and prevent the post synaptic cell from being overstimulated

58
Q

some drugs can act on the nervous system/neurons by mimicking what by binding to and activating what give example

A

mimic a neurotransmitter by binding to and activating neurotransmitter receptors EX: opioids mimic endorphin

59
Q

some drugs can act on the nervous system/neurons by binding to and blocking what give example

A

bind to and block neurotransmitter receptors from being activated EX: narcan blocks endorphin receptors

60
Q

some drugs can act on the nervous system/neurons by blocking what from breaking down what

A

block synapse enzymes from breaking down the neurotransmitters molecules

61
Q

some drugs can act on the nervous system/neurons by blocking what from moving neurotransmitter molecules where these are know as what give example

A

block axon terminal channels/pumps from moving neurotransmitter molecules back into the axon terminal known as reuptake inhibitors EX: prozac blocks the reuptake of serotonin

62
Q

neurogenesis is what

A

formation of new neurons that only occurs during development in adults it only occurs in olfactory neurons

63
Q

neuroregeneration is what

A

repair of damaged axons of the peripheral nervous system

64
Q

2 steps of how neuroregeneration works

A
  1. immune cells break down the axon downstream of the damage site
  2. schwann cells/myelin sheath remain intact and guide the regrowth of the axon

A&P 1 (28 decks)

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