chemistry final Flashcards
ions
charged atoms or molecules with unequal number of protons and electrons
2 types of ions
cations anions
cations
positively charged ions because they have more protons than electrons
anions
negatively charged ions because they have more electrons than protons
molecules
two or more atoms chemically bound together
compounds
molecules made up of two or more elements
chemical bonds
forces that hold molecules together
2 types of chemical bonds
ionic bonds covalent bonds
ionic bonds
formed when a cation and an anion come in close proximity their opposite charges attract and they bond together
molecules that contain an ionic bond are commonly known as
salts
covalent bonds
the electrons of neighboring atoms orbit between the atoms causing them to bond together
2 types of covalent bonds
polar covalent bonds non-polar covalent bonds
polar covalent bonds
electrons are not shared equally between neighboring atoms-electrons spend more time orbiting one atom than the other
non-polar covalent bonds
electrons are shared equally between the neighboring atoms
molecules that have one or more polar covalent bonds will or will not dissolve in water
will dissolve
molecules with ionic bonds will or will not dissolve in water
will dissolve
molecules made up of only non-polar covalent bonds will or will not dissolve in water
will not dissolve
organic molecules
molecules w/ carbon
4 basic types of organic molecules in human body
carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids
carbohydrates
carbon molecules are each bound to a water molecule function as fuel molecules
3 types of carbohydrates
- monosaccharides “sugars” basic carbs 2. disaccharides “sugars” 2 monosaccharides bound together 3. polysaccharides 3 or more monosaccharides linked end to end complex carbs
3 types of monosaccharides
glucose “blood sugar” fructose “fruit sugar” galactose
3 types of disaccharides “sugars”
- sucrose “cane sugar” glucose molecule linked w/ fructose molecule 2. lactose “milk sugar” glucose molecule linked w/ galactose molecule 3. maltose “malt sugar” 2 glucoses linked together
3 types of polysaccharides
- glycogen “animal starch” fuel molecules found in muscle & liver cells 2. amylose “plant/corn starch” fuel molecules found in plants 3. cellulose “fiber” found in plants-we don’t have enzymes to break it down so it passes right through us
lipids function as
fuel molecules hormones structural molecules
Na has 11 protons Na+2 has how many electrons Cl has 17 protons Cl-1 has how many electrons
+2 means their are 2 more protons than electrons so there are 9 electrons -1 means their are 1 less protons than electrons so there are 18 protons
3 types of lipids
- triglycerides 2. phospholipids 3. steroids
triglycerides function as what kind of molecules and are made of what
function as hydrophobic fuel molecules abundant in fat cells made-up of a glycerol molecule linked to 3 fatty acid molecules
phospholipids function as what kind of molecules and are made of what
function as structural molecules-main molecules in cell membranes made-up of a glycerol molecule linked to 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate molecule active ingredient in soap, detergent and shampoo
phospholipids when mixed with water
form microscopic spheres w/ water on inside and outside wall of sphere is made-up of 2 layers of phospholipids inner and outer layer of phospholipid heads dissolve in water both layers of fatty acid tails dissolve in each other
2 functions of steroids and their structure
function as structural molecules and hormones have a complex 4 ring structure EX: cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen, cortisol etc.
2 types of fatty acids and what they look like
- saturated fatty acids-straight chain of carbons 2. unsaturated fatty acids-have a kink in the carbon chain (bent molecule)
3 types of triglycerides
- saturated fat 2. unsaturated fat 3. trans fat
saturated fat
triglycerides where the glcerol molecule is linked w/ 3 fatty acid molecules are saturated fatty acids typically solid at room temp EX: in meats, butter, lard, shortening
unsaturated fat
triglycerides where the glycerol molecule is linked w/ at least 1 unsaturated fatty acid typically liquid at room temp EX: in oils such as olive, peanut, veg, canola
trans fat
triglycerides whwre the glycerol molecule is linked w/ abnormal/unnatural fatty acids formed when saturated or unsaturated fats are heated at high temps or they’re made as a byproduct when saturated fats are made in a lab
7 possible functions of proteins
- fuel molecules 2. structural molecules 3. hormones 4. channels 5. receptors 6. pumps 7. enzymes
enzymes are what
proteins that trigger chemical reactions
proteins are made of what and what is their structure
typically huge molecules made-up of long chains of amino acids (20 different kinds in human body) linked end to end w/ a complex 3 dimensional structure twisted and folded onto itself
peptides are what
proteins made-up of less than 50 amino acids
polypeptides are what
proteins made-up of more than 50 amino acids
nucleic acids function as what 2 types of molecules and are made of what
function as fuel molecules and genetic molecules made-up of nucleotides
3 common nucleic acids
- DNA 2. RNA 3. ATP
nucleotides are what
building blocks of nucleic acids
5 types of nucleotides
A, G, C, T, U
