chemistry final

Question 1

ions

Answer 1

charged atoms or molecules with unequal number of protons and electrons

Question 2

2 types of ions

Answer 2

cations anions

Question 3

cations

Answer 3

positively charged ions because they have more protons than electrons

Question 4

anions

Answer 4

negatively charged ions because they have more electrons than protons

Question 5

molecules

Answer 5

two or more atoms chemically bound together

Question 6

compounds

Answer 6

molecules made up of two or more elements

Question 7

chemical bonds

Answer 7

forces that hold molecules together

Question 8

2 types of chemical bonds

Answer 8

ionic bonds covalent bonds

Question 9

ionic bonds

Answer 9

formed when a cation and an anion come in close proximity their opposite charges attract and they bond together

Question 10

molecules that contain an ionic bond are commonly known as

Answer 10

salts

Question 11

covalent bonds

Answer 11

the electrons of neighboring atoms orbit between the atoms causing them to bond together

Question 12

2 types of covalent bonds

Answer 12

polar covalent bonds non-polar covalent bonds

Question 13

polar covalent bonds

Answer 13

electrons are not shared equally between neighboring atoms-electrons spend more time orbiting one atom than the other

Question 14

non-polar covalent bonds

Answer 14

electrons are shared equally between the neighboring atoms

Question 15

molecules that have one or more polar covalent bonds will or will not dissolve in water

Answer 15

will dissolve

Question 16

molecules with ionic bonds will or will not dissolve in water

Answer 16

will dissolve

Question 17

molecules made up of only non-polar covalent bonds will or will not dissolve in water

Answer 17

will not dissolve

Question 18

organic molecules

Answer 18

molecules w/ carbon

Question 19

4 basic types of organic molecules in human body

Answer 19

carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids

Question 20

carbohydrates

Answer 20

carbon molecules are each bound to a water molecule function as fuel molecules

Question 21

3 types of carbohydrates

Answer 21

1. monosaccharides “sugars” basic carbs 2. disaccharides “sugars” 2 monosaccharides bound together 3. polysaccharides 3 or more monosaccharides linked end to end complex carbs

Question 22

3 types of monosaccharides

Answer 22

glucose “blood sugar” fructose “fruit sugar” galactose

Question 23

3 types of disaccharides “sugars”

Answer 23

1. sucrose “cane sugar” glucose molecule linked w/ fructose molecule 2. lactose “milk sugar” glucose molecule linked w/ galactose molecule 3. maltose “malt sugar” 2 glucoses linked together

Question 24

3 types of polysaccharides

Answer 24

1. glycogen “animal starch” fuel molecules found in muscle & liver cells 2. amylose “plant/corn starch” fuel molecules found in plants 3. cellulose “fiber” found in plants-we don’t have enzymes to break it down so it passes right through us

Question 25

lipids function as

Answer 25

fuel molecules hormones structural molecules

Question 26

Na has 11 protons Na+2 has how many electrons Cl has 17 protons Cl-1 has how many electrons

Answer 26

+2 means their are 2 more protons than electrons so there are 9 electrons -1 means their are 1 less protons than electrons so there are 18 protons

Question 27

3 types of lipids

Answer 27

1. triglycerides 2. phospholipids 3. steroids

Question 28

triglycerides function as what kind of molecules and are made of what

Answer 28

function as hydrophobic fuel molecules abundant in fat cells made-up of a glycerol molecule linked to 3 fatty acid molecules

Question 29

phospholipids function as what kind of molecules and are made of what

Answer 29

function as structural molecules-main molecules in cell membranes made-up of a glycerol molecule linked to 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate molecule active ingredient in soap, detergent and shampoo

Question 30

phospholipids when mixed with water

Answer 30

form microscopic spheres w/ water on inside and outside wall of sphere is made-up of 2 layers of phospholipids inner and outer layer of phospholipid heads dissolve in water both layers of fatty acid tails dissolve in each other

Question 31

2 functions of steroids and their structure

Answer 31

function as structural molecules and hormones have a complex 4 ring structure EX: cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen, cortisol etc.

Question 32

2 types of fatty acids and what they look like

Answer 32

1. saturated fatty acids-straight chain of carbons 2. unsaturated fatty acids-have a kink in the carbon chain (bent molecule)

Question 33

3 types of triglycerides

Answer 33

1. saturated fat 2. unsaturated fat 3. trans fat

Question 34

saturated fat

Answer 34

triglycerides where the glcerol molecule is linked w/ 3 fatty acid molecules are saturated fatty acids typically solid at room temp EX: in meats, butter, lard, shortening

Question 35

unsaturated fat

Answer 35

triglycerides where the glycerol molecule is linked w/ at least 1 unsaturated fatty acid typically liquid at room temp EX: in oils such as olive, peanut, veg, canola

Question 36

trans fat

Answer 36

triglycerides whwre the glycerol molecule is linked w/ abnormal/unnatural fatty acids formed when saturated or unsaturated fats are heated at high temps or they’re made as a byproduct when saturated fats are made in a lab

Question 37

7 possible functions of proteins

Answer 37

1. fuel molecules 2. structural molecules 3. hormones 4. channels 5. receptors 6. pumps 7. enzymes

Question 38

enzymes are what

Answer 38

proteins that trigger chemical reactions

Question 39

proteins are made of what and what is their structure

Answer 39

typically huge molecules made-up of long chains of amino acids (20 different kinds in human body) linked end to end w/ a complex 3 dimensional structure twisted and folded onto itself

Question 40

peptides are what

Answer 40

proteins made-up of less than 50 amino acids

Question 41

polypeptides are what

Answer 41

proteins made-up of more than 50 amino acids

Question 42

nucleic acids function as what 2 types of molecules and are made of what

Answer 42

function as fuel molecules and genetic molecules made-up of nucleotides

Question 43

3 common nucleic acids

Answer 43

1. DNA 2. RNA 3. ATP

Question 44

nucleotides are what

Answer 44

building blocks of nucleic acids

Question 45

5 types of nucleotides

Answer 45

A, G, C, T, U