chemistry Flashcards
ions
charged atoms or molecules with unequal number of protons and electrons
2 types of ions
cations anions
cations
positively charged ions because they have more protons than electrons
anions
negatively charged ions because they have more electrons than protons
Na has 11 protons Na+2 has how many electrons Cl has 17 protons Cl-1 has how many electrons
+2 means their are 2 more protons than electrons so there are 9 electrons -1 means their are 1 less protons than electrons so there are 18 protons
molecules
two or more atoms chemically bound together
compounds
molecules made up of two or more elements
chemical bonds
forces that hold molecules together
2 types of chemical bonds
ionic bonds covalent bonds
ionic bonds
formed when a cation and an anion come in close proximity their opposite charges attract and they bond together
molecules that contain an ionic bond are commonly known as
salts
covalent bonds
the electrons of neighboring atoms orbit between the atoms causing them to bond together
2 types of covalent bonds
polar covalent bonds non-polar covalent bonds
polar covalent bonds
electrons are not shared equally between neighboring atoms-electrons spend more time orbiting one atom than the other
non-polar covalent bonds
electrons are shared equally between the neighboring atoms
molecules that have one or more polar covalent bonds will or will not dissolve in water
will dissolve
molecules with ionic bonds will or will not dissolve in water
will dissolve
molecules made up of only non-polar covalent bonds will or will not dissolve in water
will not dissolve
chemical reactions
formation, breakdown or rearrangement of chemical bonds
what’s the difference between H2 vs 2H
H2 is a molecule made-up of 2 hydrogen atoms
2H are 2 independent hydrogen atoms
mixtures
multiple chemicals in a container
2 types of mixtures
heterogeneous mixtures homogenius mixtures
heterogeneous mixtures
chemicals are not evenly distributed in container
homogenius mixtures
chemicals are evenly distributed in container
3 types of homogenous mixtures
suspensions solutions colloids “gels”
suspensions
temporary homogeneous mixtures that will turn into heterogeneous mixtures eventually EX: bottle of italian dressing
solutions
permanent homogeneous mixtures because chemicals have dissolved into each other EX: sugar water
colloids
homogeneous mixtures that are a cross between a suspension and a solution where the chemicals are partially dissolved and partially suspended EX: jello
solute
the chemical(s) that dissolves into a solvent in a solution
solvent
the chemical the solute(s) dissolves into in a solution
hydrophilic chemicals
chemicals that will dissolve in water and into each other
hydrophilic chemicals include what 2 kinds of molecule bonds
ionic and/or polar covalent bonds
hydrophobic chemicals
chemicals that will not dissolve in water
hydrophobic chemicals include what kinds of bonds
only non-polar covalent bonds
acids
chemicals that produce hydrogen ions (H+) when mixed w/ water-acidic solution
bases
chemicals that produce hydroxide ions (OH-) when mixed w/ water-basic/alkaline solution
ph scale
measure of acidity or alkalinity from 0 to 14
ph range from 0 to 6.9
acidic solution
ph range from 7.1 to 14
alkaline solution
ph of 7.0
neutral solution (pure water)
buffers
chemicals that react w/ hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions to remove them from a solution causing the solution to remain stable (close to 7.0) EX: bicarbonate
inorganic molecules
molecules w/out carbon
organic molecules
molecules w/ carbon
4 basic types of organic molecules in human body
carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids
carbohydrates
carbon molecules are each bound to a water molecule function as fuel molecules
3 types of carbohydrates
- monosaccharides “sugars” basic carbs 2. disaccharides “sugars” 2 monosaccharides bound together 3. polysaccharides 3 or more monosaccharides linked end to end complex carbs
3 types of monosaccharides
glucose “blood sugar” fructose “fruit sugar” galactose
3 types of disaccharides “sugars”
- sucrose “cane sugar” glucose molecule linked w/ fructose molecule 2. lactose “milk sugar” glucose molecule linked w/ galactose molecule 3. maltose “malt sugar” 2 glucoses linked together
3 types of polysaccharides
- glycogen “animal starch” fuel molecules found in muscle & liver cells 2. amylose “plant/corn starch” fuel molecules found in plants 3. cellulose “fiber” found in plants-we don’t have enzymes to break it down so it passes right through us
lipids function as
fuel molecules hormones structural molecules
3 types of lipids
- triglycerides 2. phospholipids 3. steroids
triglycerides function as what kind of molecules and are made of what
function as hydrophobic fuel molecules abundant in fat cells made-up of a glycerol molecule linked to 3 fatty acid molecules
3 types of triglycerides
- saturated fat 2. unsaturated fat 3. trans fat
saturated fat
triglycerides where the glcerol molecule is linked w/ 3 fatty acid molecules are saturated fatty acids typically solid at room temp EX: in meats, butter, lard, shortening
unsaturated fat
triglycerides where the glycerol molecule is linked w/ at least 1 unsaturated fatty acid typically liquid at room temp EX: in oils such as olive, peanut, veg, canola
trans fat
triglycerides whwre the glycerol molecule is linked w/ abnormal/unnatural fatty acids formed when saturated or unsaturated fats are heated at high temps or they’re made as a byproduct when saturated fats are made in a lab
phospholipids function as what kind of molecules and are made of what
function as structural molecules-main molecules in cell membranes made-up of a glycerol molecule linked to 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate molecule active ingredient in soap, detergent and shampoo
phospholipids when mixed with water
form microscopic spheres w/ water on inside and outside wall of sphere is made-up of 2 layers of phospholipids inner and outer layer of phospholipid heads dissolve in water both layers of fatty acid tails dissolve in each other
2 functions of steroids and their structure
function as structural molecules and hormones have a complex 4 ring structure EX: cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen, cortisol etc.
2 types of fatty acids and what they look like
- saturated fatty acids-straight chain of carbons 2. unsaturated fatty acids-have a kink in the carbon chain (bent molecule)
7 possible functions of proteins
- fuel molecules 2. structural molecules 3. hormones 4. channels 5. receptors 6. pumps 7. enzymes
enzymes are what
proteins that trigger chemical reactions
proteins are made of what and what is their structure
typically huge molecules made-up of long chains of amino acids (20 different kinds in human body) linked end to end w/ a complex 3 dimensional structure twisted and folded onto itself
peptides are what
proteins made-up of less than 50 amino acids
polypeptides are what
proteins made-up of more than 50 amino acids
protein denaturation
loss of a protein’s native/functional structure causing the protein to be denatured/dysfunctional
3 possible causes of protein denaturation
- heat 2. extreme ph 3. high salt exposure
nucleic acids function as what 2 types of molecules and are made of what
function as fuel molecules and genetic molecules made-up of nucleotides
3 common nucleic acids
- DNA 2. RNA 3. ATP
nucleotides are what
building blocks of nucleic acids
5 types of nucleotides
A, G, C, T, U
DNA are made of what and are located where what do they contain and what is done with that
huge genetic molecule made-up of the nucleotides A, G, C and T linked end to end in different sequences located in the nucleus of cells contain segments of nucleotide sequence that are decoded by enzymes into RNA molecules
- RNA are made of what 2. leave where to bind to what 3. used for what
- genetic molecule made-up of the nucleotides A, G, C and U 2. typically RNA molecules leave the nucleus and bind to ribosomes 3. used for protein synthesis
stages of gene expression
- DNA gene sequence 2. transcription 3. RNA molecule 4. translation 5. protein molecule
transcription occurs is what and occurs where by what binding to what
1st stage of gene expression occurs in the nucleus by enzymes that bind to genes (RNA synthesis)
translation occurs where on what structures
protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm on structures called ribosomes
- ATP is what kind of molecule and made of what 2. what binds to it causing what to happen 3. what then harnesses the energy to trigger what
- body’s main fuel molecule made-up of the nucleotide A linked to 3 phosphates 2. many enzymes in the body bind to ATP breaking it down into ADP and P 3. the enzymes then harness the energy released from ATP breakdown to trigger a chemical reaction
3 basic parts of a cell
- nucleus 2. cytoplasm 3. plasma membrane
plasma membrane is composed of what 3 things
- mainly phospholipid bylayer 2. cholesterol to give strength 3. plasma membrane proteins
3 types of plasma membrane PROTEINS
- transport proteins
- receptor proteins
- membrane junction proteins
2 types of transport proteins
- channels 2. pumps
channel proteins function by forming a what in where which is designed to do what
form a pore in the plasma membrane designed to allow a specific chemical to pass in and out of the cell
pump proteins function by breaking down what and then using that energy to do what
break down ATP (into ADP +P) and use the energy from the breakdown to force a specific chemical from inside the cell to outside
receptor proteins function by binding to what 2 things which then activates what
bind to hormones or neurotransmitters which activates the cell to alter its function
neurotransmitters
neuron signaling molecules
membrane junction proteins function by binding what and are also known as what
bind neighboring cells together “cell to cell adhesion proteins”
3 types of membrane JUNCTION proteins
- tight junctions 2. desmosomes 3. gap junctions
tight junctions form what between cells
a waterproof seal between cells
desmosomes form what between cells
a strong anchor between cells making the tissues tear resistant
gap junctions form what between cells
channels linking cells that allow chemicals and electricity to flow between them
3 ways chemicals can TRANSPORT across the plasma membrane
- passive transport (diffusion) 2. active transport 3. vesicular transport
in passive transport chemicals move freely across the plasma membrane from what area to what area which causes what
chemicals move freely across the plasm membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration causing the chemical to become equally distributed
2 types of passive transport “DIFFUSION”
- simple diffusion 2. facilitated diffusion
in simple diffusion what 2 types of chemicals can cross the plasma membrane by passing between what molecules
only hydrophobic or tiny uncharged hydrophilic chemicals cross the plasma membrane by passing between the phospholipid molecules
in facilitated diffusion any sort of chemical can cross the plasma membrane so long as what exists
any sort of chemical can cross the plasma membrane as long as there is a channel for that specific chemical
in active transport chemicals cross the plasma membrane through what using the energy from what this process can force what to happen
chemicals move across the plasma membrane through pumps using the energy from ATP break down this process can force a chemical in or out of the cell against its concentration gradient
how does vesicular transport work
large amounts of material are moved across the plasma membrane via vesicles
vesicles
membrane enclosed sphere inside the cytoplasm its wall is made of a phospholipid bilayer
2 types of vesicular transport
- endocytosis “cell eating” 2. exocytosis “cell vomiting”
osmosis
diffusion of water molecules from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration {solutes attract water molecules and drive osmosis]
hypotonic solution
concentration of solutes is greater inside the cell than outside of cell
hypertonic solution
concentration of solutes is greater outside of cell than inside
isotonic solution
concentration of solutes is is equally distributed inside and outside of the cell
