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A&P 1 > chemistry > Flashcards

chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

ions

A

charged atoms or molecules with unequal number of protons and electrons

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2
Q

2 types of ions

A

cations anions

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3
Q

cations

A

positively charged ions because they have more protons than electrons

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4
Q

anions

A

negatively charged ions because they have more electrons than protons

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5
Q

Na has 11 protons Na+2 has how many electrons Cl has 17 protons Cl-1 has how many electrons

A

+2 means their are 2 more protons than electrons so there are 9 electrons -1 means their are 1 less protons than electrons so there are 18 protons

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6
Q

molecules

A

two or more atoms chemically bound together

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7
Q

compounds

A

molecules made up of two or more elements

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8
Q

chemical bonds

A

forces that hold molecules together

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9
Q

2 types of chemical bonds

A

ionic bonds covalent bonds

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10
Q

ionic bonds

A

formed when a cation and an anion come in close proximity their opposite charges attract and they bond together

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11
Q

molecules that contain an ionic bond are commonly known as

A

salts

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12
Q

covalent bonds

A

the electrons of neighboring atoms orbit between the atoms causing them to bond together

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13
Q

2 types of covalent bonds

A

polar covalent bonds non-polar covalent bonds

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14
Q

polar covalent bonds

A

electrons are not shared equally between neighboring atoms-electrons spend more time orbiting one atom than the other

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15
Q

non-polar covalent bonds

A

electrons are shared equally between the neighboring atoms

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16
Q

molecules that have one or more polar covalent bonds will or will not dissolve in water

A

will dissolve

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17
Q

molecules with ionic bonds will or will not dissolve in water

A

will dissolve

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18
Q

molecules made up of only non-polar covalent bonds will or will not dissolve in water

A

will not dissolve

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19
Q

chemical reactions

A

formation, breakdown or rearrangement of chemical bonds

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20
Q

what’s the difference between H2 vs 2H

A

H2 is a molecule made-up of 2 hydrogen atoms

2H are 2 independent hydrogen atoms

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21
Q

mixtures

A

multiple chemicals in a container

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22
Q

2 types of mixtures

A

heterogeneous mixtures homogenius mixtures

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23
Q

heterogeneous mixtures

A

chemicals are not evenly distributed in container

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24
Q

homogenius mixtures

A

chemicals are evenly distributed in container

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25
Q

3 types of homogenous mixtures

A

suspensions solutions colloids “gels”

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26
Q

suspensions

A

temporary homogeneous mixtures that will turn into heterogeneous mixtures eventually EX: bottle of italian dressing

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27
Q

solutions

A

permanent homogeneous mixtures because chemicals have dissolved into each other EX: sugar water

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28
Q

colloids

A

homogeneous mixtures that are a cross between a suspension and a solution where the chemicals are partially dissolved and partially suspended EX: jello

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29
Q

solute

A

the chemical(s) that dissolves into a solvent in a solution

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30
Q

solvent

A

the chemical the solute(s) dissolves into in a solution

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31
Q

hydrophilic chemicals

A

chemicals that will dissolve in water and into each other

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32
Q

hydrophilic chemicals include what 2 kinds of molecule bonds

A

ionic and/or polar covalent bonds

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33
Q

hydrophobic chemicals

A

chemicals that will not dissolve in water

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34
Q

hydrophobic chemicals include what kinds of bonds

A

only non-polar covalent bonds

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35
Q

acids

A

chemicals that produce hydrogen ions (H+) when mixed w/ water-acidic solution

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36
Q

bases

A

chemicals that produce hydroxide ions (OH-) when mixed w/ water-basic/alkaline solution

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37
Q

ph scale

A

measure of acidity or alkalinity from 0 to 14

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38
Q

ph range from 0 to 6.9

A

acidic solution

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39
Q

ph range from 7.1 to 14

A

alkaline solution

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40
Q

ph of 7.0

A

neutral solution (pure water)

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41
Q

buffers

A

chemicals that react w/ hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions to remove them from a solution causing the solution to remain stable (close to 7.0) EX: bicarbonate

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42
Q

inorganic molecules

A

molecules w/out carbon

43
Q

organic molecules

A

molecules w/ carbon

44
Q

4 basic types of organic molecules in human body

A

carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids

45
Q

carbohydrates

A

carbon molecules are each bound to a water molecule function as fuel molecules

46
Q

3 types of carbohydrates

A
  1. monosaccharides “sugars” basic carbs 2. disaccharides “sugars” 2 monosaccharides bound together 3. polysaccharides 3 or more monosaccharides linked end to end complex carbs
47
Q

3 types of monosaccharides

A

glucose “blood sugar” fructose “fruit sugar” galactose

48
Q

3 types of disaccharides “sugars”

A
  1. sucrose “cane sugar” glucose molecule linked w/ fructose molecule 2. lactose “milk sugar” glucose molecule linked w/ galactose molecule 3. maltose “malt sugar” 2 glucoses linked together
49
Q

3 types of polysaccharides

A
  1. glycogen “animal starch” fuel molecules found in muscle & liver cells 2. amylose “plant/corn starch” fuel molecules found in plants 3. cellulose “fiber” found in plants-we don’t have enzymes to break it down so it passes right through us
50
Q

lipids function as

A

fuel molecules hormones structural molecules

51
Q

3 types of lipids

A
  1. triglycerides 2. phospholipids 3. steroids
52
Q

triglycerides function as what kind of molecules and are made of what

A

function as hydrophobic fuel molecules abundant in fat cells made-up of a glycerol molecule linked to 3 fatty acid molecules

53
Q

3 types of triglycerides

A
  1. saturated fat 2. unsaturated fat 3. trans fat
54
Q

saturated fat

A

triglycerides where the glcerol molecule is linked w/ 3 fatty acid molecules are saturated fatty acids typically solid at room temp EX: in meats, butter, lard, shortening

55
Q

unsaturated fat

A

triglycerides where the glycerol molecule is linked w/ at least 1 unsaturated fatty acid typically liquid at room temp EX: in oils such as olive, peanut, veg, canola

56
Q

trans fat

A

triglycerides whwre the glycerol molecule is linked w/ abnormal/unnatural fatty acids formed when saturated or unsaturated fats are heated at high temps or they’re made as a byproduct when saturated fats are made in a lab

57
Q

phospholipids function as what kind of molecules and are made of what

A

function as structural molecules-main molecules in cell membranes made-up of a glycerol molecule linked to 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate molecule active ingredient in soap, detergent and shampoo

58
Q

phospholipids when mixed with water

A

form microscopic spheres w/ water on inside and outside wall of sphere is made-up of 2 layers of phospholipids inner and outer layer of phospholipid heads dissolve in water both layers of fatty acid tails dissolve in each other

59
Q

2 functions of steroids and their structure

A

function as structural molecules and hormones have a complex 4 ring structure EX: cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen, cortisol etc.

60
Q

2 types of fatty acids and what they look like

A
  1. saturated fatty acids-straight chain of carbons 2. unsaturated fatty acids-have a kink in the carbon chain (bent molecule)
61
Q

7 possible functions of proteins

A
  1. fuel molecules 2. structural molecules 3. hormones 4. channels 5. receptors 6. pumps 7. enzymes
62
Q

enzymes are what

A

proteins that trigger chemical reactions

63
Q

proteins are made of what and what is their structure

A

typically huge molecules made-up of long chains of amino acids (20 different kinds in human body) linked end to end w/ a complex 3 dimensional structure twisted and folded onto itself

64
Q

peptides are what

A

proteins made-up of less than 50 amino acids

65
Q

polypeptides are what

A

proteins made-up of more than 50 amino acids

66
Q

protein denaturation

A

loss of a protein’s native/functional structure causing the protein to be denatured/dysfunctional

67
Q

3 possible causes of protein denaturation

A
  1. heat 2. extreme ph 3. high salt exposure
68
Q

nucleic acids function as what 2 types of molecules and are made of what

A

function as fuel molecules and genetic molecules made-up of nucleotides

69
Q

3 common nucleic acids

A
  1. DNA 2. RNA 3. ATP
70
Q

nucleotides are what

A

building blocks of nucleic acids

71
Q

5 types of nucleotides

A

A, G, C, T, U

72
Q

DNA are made of what and are located where what do they contain and what is done with that

A

huge genetic molecule made-up of the nucleotides A, G, C and T linked end to end in different sequences located in the nucleus of cells contain segments of nucleotide sequence that are decoded by enzymes into RNA molecules

73
Q
  1. RNA are made of what 2. leave where to bind to what 3. used for what
A
  1. genetic molecule made-up of the nucleotides A, G, C and U 2. typically RNA molecules leave the nucleus and bind to ribosomes 3. used for protein synthesis
74
Q

stages of gene expression

A
  1. DNA gene sequence 2. transcription 3. RNA molecule 4. translation 5. protein molecule
75
Q

transcription occurs is what and occurs where by what binding to what

A

1st stage of gene expression occurs in the nucleus by enzymes that bind to genes (RNA synthesis)

76
Q

translation occurs where on what structures

A

protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm on structures called ribosomes

77
Q
  1. ATP is what kind of molecule and made of what 2. what binds to it causing what to happen 3. what then harnesses the energy to trigger what
A
  1. body’s main fuel molecule made-up of the nucleotide A linked to 3 phosphates 2. many enzymes in the body bind to ATP breaking it down into ADP and P 3. the enzymes then harness the energy released from ATP breakdown to trigger a chemical reaction
78
Q

3 basic parts of a cell

A
  1. nucleus 2. cytoplasm 3. plasma membrane
79
Q

plasma membrane is composed of what 3 things

A
  1. mainly phospholipid bylayer 2. cholesterol to give strength 3. plasma membrane proteins
80
Q

3 types of plasma membrane PROTEINS

A
  1. transport proteins
  2. receptor proteins
  3. membrane junction proteins
81
Q

2 types of transport proteins

A
  1. channels 2. pumps
82
Q

channel proteins function by forming a what in where which is designed to do what

A

form a pore in the plasma membrane designed to allow a specific chemical to pass in and out of the cell

83
Q

pump proteins function by breaking down what and then using that energy to do what

A

break down ATP (into ADP +P) and use the energy from the breakdown to force a specific chemical from inside the cell to outside

84
Q

receptor proteins function by binding to what 2 things which then activates what

A

bind to hormones or neurotransmitters which activates the cell to alter its function

85
Q

neurotransmitters

A

neuron signaling molecules

86
Q

membrane junction proteins function by binding what and are also known as what

A

bind neighboring cells together “cell to cell adhesion proteins”

87
Q

3 types of membrane JUNCTION proteins

A
  1. tight junctions 2. desmosomes 3. gap junctions
88
Q

tight junctions form what between cells

A

a waterproof seal between cells

89
Q

desmosomes form what between cells

A

a strong anchor between cells making the tissues tear resistant

90
Q

gap junctions form what between cells

A

channels linking cells that allow chemicals and electricity to flow between them

91
Q

3 ways chemicals can TRANSPORT across the plasma membrane

A
  1. passive transport (diffusion) 2. active transport 3. vesicular transport
92
Q

in passive transport chemicals move freely across the plasma membrane from what area to what area which causes what

A

chemicals move freely across the plasm membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration causing the chemical to become equally distributed

93
Q

2 types of passive transport “DIFFUSION”

A
  1. simple diffusion 2. facilitated diffusion
94
Q

in simple diffusion what 2 types of chemicals can cross the plasma membrane by passing between what molecules

A

only hydrophobic or tiny uncharged hydrophilic chemicals cross the plasma membrane by passing between the phospholipid molecules

95
Q

in facilitated diffusion any sort of chemical can cross the plasma membrane so long as what exists

A

any sort of chemical can cross the plasma membrane as long as there is a channel for that specific chemical

96
Q

in active transport chemicals cross the plasma membrane through what using the energy from what this process can force what to happen

A

chemicals move across the plasma membrane through pumps using the energy from ATP break down this process can force a chemical in or out of the cell against its concentration gradient

97
Q

how does vesicular transport work

A

large amounts of material are moved across the plasma membrane via vesicles

98
Q

vesicles

A

membrane enclosed sphere inside the cytoplasm its wall is made of a phospholipid bilayer

99
Q

2 types of vesicular transport

A
  1. endocytosis “cell eating” 2. exocytosis “cell vomiting”
100
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water molecules from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration {solutes attract water molecules and drive osmosis]

101
Q

hypotonic solution

A

concentration of solutes is greater inside the cell than outside of cell

102
Q

hypertonic solution

A

concentration of solutes is greater outside of cell than inside

103
Q

isotonic solution

A

concentration of solutes is is equally distributed inside and outside of the cell

A&P 1 (28 decks)

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