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A&P 1 > integumentary system > Flashcards

integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

3 main cell types in the epidermis

A
  1. keratinocytes
  2. basal cells
  3. melanocytes
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2
Q

keratinocytes

  1. are the most what
  2. filled with what
  3. bound together via what 2 means
  4. release what
A

most abundant cell type in the epidermis

filled w/ a cytoskeletal protein called keratin

cells are bound together via tight junctions and desmosomes

release vesicles filled w/ lipids via exocytosis

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3
Q

basal cells

  1. located where
  2. continuosly do what
  3. do what to the epidermis
A
  1. at the very bottom of the epidermis
  2. continuously divide to produce a new basal cell and a new keratinocyte cell
  3. regenerate the epidermis
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4
Q

melanocytes

  1. located where
  2. produce what
  3. release what
  4. what happens to what it releases
A
  1. in deep layers of epidermis
  2. produce the protein melanin
  3. release vesicles filled w/ melanin via exocytosis
  4. melanin is then taken up by keratinocytes
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5
Q

what’s a callous and how is it caused

A

a thickening of the epidermis caused by friction which stimulates basal cells to divide faster

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6
Q

what is eczema

A

any kind of skin inflammation

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7
Q

psoriasis

A

a condition where the immune system attacks and kills keratinocytes prematurely

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8
Q

dandruff

A

fungal infection of epidermis of scalp which kills keratinocytes prematurely

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9
Q

epidermis is what and made of what

A

superficial layer of skin made of about 50 layers of stratified aquamous epithelium

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10
Q

dermis is what and contains what 5 things

A

middle layer of skin containing

  1. blood vessels
  2. nerves
  3. sensory receptors
  4. hair follicles
  5. bodies of skin glands
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11
Q

2 regions of dermis

A

papillary region

reticular region

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12
Q

papillary region

  1. location
  2. made of
  3. function
  4. very large where
A
  1. upper region of dermis
  2. areolar connective tissue
  3. it binds the epidermis to the dermis via dermal papillae
  4. large in palms of hands and soles of feet giving rise to prints
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13
Q

reticular region

  1. location
  2. made of
  3. function
  4. what happens when its torn
A
  1. below papillary region
  2. dense irregular tissue

3, provides skin w/ toughness

  1. scar tissue forms stretch marks
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14
Q

hypodermis

  1. location
  2. made of
  3. function
  4. thickest where
A
  1. bottom layer of skin
  2. adipose connective tissue (where most of the body’s adipose tissue is located)
  3. cushions body, insulates heat and stores lipids
  4. butt and breast skin
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15
Q

3 pigmnets that determine skin color

A

melanin

hemoglobin

carotene

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16
Q

hemoglobin

A

red color protien in blood that gives skin its reddish color by flowing through see-through walls in capillaries in the dermis and hypodermis

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17
Q

carotene

A

type of vitamin A stored in skin

it is orange-yellowish giving skin that hue

comes from orange-yellowish vegetables

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18
Q

suntans are caused how

A

UV exposure stimulating melanocytes to produce and release more melanin

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19
Q

freckles

A

patches of skin where melanocytes produce more melanin

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20
Q

moles

A

like freckles but have more melanin causing them to have a raised surface

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21
Q

albinism

A

genetic condition where melanocytes can’t produce melanin

22
Q

vitiligo

A

autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks and kills melanocytes

23
Q

hair is made of what and list 6 of it’s functions

A

made of dead keratinocytes

  1. sense of touch
  2. sun protection
  3. protects eyes from debris
  4. keeps head warm
  5. eyebrows give rise to facial expressions
  6. prevents chaffing on scrotum
24
Q

hair follicle

A

sheath that surrounds the hair root and holds it in the skin

25
Q

hair matrix

  1. location
  2. made of what 2 things
  3. function
A
  1. bottom of hair follicle
  2. basal cells and melanocytes
  3. its where keratinocytes are made to grow hair
26
Q

hair root plexus

A

nerve that wraps around the hair root and acticates touch sensation when the hair moves

27
Q

dark or brown hair is caused by what

A

dark melanin and/or high amount of melanin

28
Q

blond hair is caused by

A

bown melanin and pheomelanin (red color variety of melanin)

29
Q

red hair is caused by

A

pheomelanin

30
Q

grey hair is caused by

A

mix of white hair and colored hair

31
Q

white hair is caused by

A

no melanin

32
Q

what is the typical life span for a hair in the scalp

A

2 to 6 years

33
Q

2 types of sweat glands

A

eccrine sweat glands

apocrine sweat glands

34
Q

eccrine sweat glands

  1. location
  2. contain what 3 things
  3. stimulated by what 2 things
A
  1. almost all over body w/ high concentrations in forehead, palms and soles
  2. water, electrolytes, wastes (lactic acid, urea, carbon dioxide)
  3. stimulated by stress anh high body temperature
35
Q

apocrine sweat glands

  1. located in what 4 areas
  2. contain what 5 things
  3. stimulated by what 2 things
A
  1. armpits, groin, face, nipples
  2. water, electrolytes, wastes, proteins, lipids
  3. stimulated by stress and sexual arrousal
36
Q

body odor

  1. occurs where
  2. caused by what
A
  1. armpits and feet
  2. gasses produced by bacteria when they break down sweat molecules
37
Q

sebaceous glands (oil glands)

  1. connected to what
  2. secrete what
  3. function
A
  1. hair follicles
  2. secrete sebum onto hair
  3. moisturizer to prevent skin and hair from cracking
38
Q

pimple

A

infected sebaceous gland

39
Q

tumor

A

abnormal mass/growth of cells

40
Q

cancer cells

A

divide uncontrollably and interfere w/ their organ’s functioning and can potentially spread (metastasize)

41
Q

metastasis

A

when cancer cells break off a tumor, travel through body fluid and form a new tumor somewhere else

42
Q

3 types of skin cancer

A
  1. basal cell carcinoma
  2. squamous cell carcinoma
  3. melanoma
43
Q

4 facts about basal cell carcinoma

A
  1. most common type of skin cancer
  2. tumors look like red moles
  3. doesn’t metastasize readily
  4. tumors of mutant basal cells
44
Q

4 facts about squamous carcinoma

A
  1. look like warts
  2. form on head
  3. more serious that basal carcinoma
  4. tumors of keratinocytes
45
Q

6 facts about melanoma

A
  1. most malignant
  2. look like weird moles
  3. metastasize readily
  4. difficult to treat
  5. tumors of mutant melanocytes
  6. have an ABCDE detection method
46
Q

ABCDE detection method

A

A. tumors are assymetrical

B. tumors have an irregular border

C. tumors are multi-colored

D. tumors have a diameter bigger than a pencil

E. tumor elvolves in shape and size

47
Q

5 skin cancer risk factors

A
  1. blue eyes
  2. light colored skin that doesn’t tan
  3. red or blond hair
  4. family history

5, multiple sunburns throughout life

48
Q

5 causes of burns

A
  1. heat
  2. extreme cold

3 chemicals

  1. UV exposure
  2. electricity
49
Q

1st degree burn

  1. damages what
  2. symptoms
A
  1. only damages epidermis
  2. redness, pain, heat
50
Q

2nd degree burn

  1. damages what
  2. symptoms
A
  1. damage to epidermis and dermis
  2. redness, pain, heat, blistering
51
Q

3rd degree burn

  1. damages what
  2. dangers of
A
  1. epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
  2. life-threatening because ther’s no barrier protecting body from microbial invasion

A&P 1 (28 decks)

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