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A&P 1 > muscular system > Flashcards

muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

6 types of skeletal muscle connective tissues

A
  1. deep fascia 2. epimysium 3. perimysium 4. endomysium 5. tendons 6. aponeuroses
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2
Q

deep fascia 1. made of what kind of connective tissue 2. location 3. function

A
  1. dense irregular connective tissue 2. surrounds multiple muscles 3. packages neighboring muscles together
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3
Q

epimysium 1. made of what kind of connective tissue 2. location 3. texture

A
  1. dense irregular connective tissue 2. covers individual muscles 3. shiny
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4
Q

perimysium 1. made of what kind of connective tissue 2. location

A
  1. dense irregular connective tissue 2. surrounds bundles of skeletal muscle cells (fascicles)
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5
Q

endomysium 1. made of what kind of connective tissue 2. location

A
  1. areolar connective tissue 2. covers individual muscle cells
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6
Q

tendons 1. made of what kind of connective tissue

  1. two locations
A
  1. cords of dense regular connective tissue 2. binds muscles to bones and muscles to skin in the face
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7
Q

aponeuroses

  1. are what
  2. two types of connection they make
A
  1. flat tendons
  2. connecting muscle to bones or muscle to muscle
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8
Q

origin of a muscle is what

A

the bone that a muscle is attached to that doesn’t move when the muscle contracts

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9
Q

insertion of a muscle is what

A

the bone (or skin in the face) that a muscle is attached to that moves when the muscle contracts

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10
Q

action of a muscle is what

A

the body movement the muscle performs when it contracts

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11
Q

motor unit

  1. is what
  2. precise movements verses coarse
A
  1. neuron and all of the skeletal muscle cells it’s wired to
  2. precise movements (like with fingers)=10 muscle cells per neuron

coarse movements (like clenching butt cheek)=100’s of muscle cells per neuron

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12
Q

sarcolemma

A

the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle cell

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13
Q

sarcoplasm

A

the cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle cell

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14
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) 1. is what

  1. function that triggers what
A
  1. the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a skeletal muscle cell 2. store and upon electrical stimulation release calcium to trigger muscle cell contraction
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15
Q

transverse tubules (T-tubules) 1. are what

  1. function that stimulates what
A
  1. pits in the sarcolemma that extend deep into the cell 2. conduct electricity to stimulate the sarcoplasmic reticulum
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16
Q

myofibrils

  1. shape
  2. location and surrounded by what
  3. contains what
A
  1. cylindrical 2. span the length of the cell and surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum 3. contain the contractile proteins of the cell
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17
Q

4 contractile proteins of myofibrils

A
  1. Z discs 2. thin filaments 3. thick filaments 4. troponin-tropomyosin complex
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18
Q

Z discs 1. shape 2. function

A

1, zig-zagged shaped proteins 2. anchor the thin filaments

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19
Q

thin filaments 1. shape 2. location 3. made of

A
  1. long strand-like proteins 2. attached to Z discs 3. actin
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20
Q

thick filaments 1. shape 2. made of 3. function

A
  1. bundles of golf club looking proteins 2. myosin 3. head of club binds to the thin filaments
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21
Q

troponin-tropomyosin complex 1. location 2. function number one 3. function number two when what binds to it

A
  1. protein that wraps around the thin filaments 2. block the myosin heads from binding to the thin filaments 3. calcium binds to it causing it to fold over and expose the thin filaments to be bonded to by the myosin heads
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22
Q

1st stage of myofibril/skeletal muscle cell contraction

A

neurons on the surface of the brain (carrying electricity) are wired through the brain stem or spinal cord to a 2nd neuron

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23
Q

2nd stage of myofibril/skeletal muscle cell contraction

A

2nd neuron (carrying electricity) is wired to the sarcolemma

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24
Q

3rd stage of myofibril/skeletal muscle cell contraction

______ flows from _____ down _____ stimulating _____ to release _____ into _____

A

electricity flows from the sarcolemma down the T-tubules stimulating the SR to release calcium into the myofibrils

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25
Q

4th stage of myofibril/skeletal muscle cell contraction

_____ binds to _____ which causes _____ and expose _____to ______

A

calcium binds to the troponin-tropomyosin complex which causes it to fold over and expose the thin filaments to the myosin heads of the thick filaments

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26
Q

5th stage of myofibril/skeletal muscle cell contraction

_____ bind to _____ and bend _____ which pulls on _____ which pulls ______

A

myosin heads bind to the thin filaments and bend their necks which pulls on the thin filaments which pulls the Z discs toward each other

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27
Q

6th stage of myofibril/skeletal muscle cell contraction

_____ binds to _____ causing them to detach from _____

A

ATP binds to myosin heads causing them to detach from the thin filaments

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28
Q

7th stage of myofibril/skeletal muscle cell contraction

______ breaks down ______ and use the energy to ______

A

myosin heads break down ATP into ADP+P and use the energy released to recock their necks

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29
Q

if electricity continues to stimulate the cell what happens

A

the process of myofibril/skeletal muscle cell contraction repeats itself

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30
Q

if electricity subsides from stimulating the cell what happens

______ pumps _____ out of ______ back into itself causing the ______ to fold back onto ______ and the result is

A

the sarcoplasmic reticulum pumps calcium out of the myofibril back into itself causing the troponin-tropomyosin complex to fold back onto the thin filaments and the cell relaxes

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31
Q

isometric contraction

A

when a muscle cell contracts but doesn’t change length EX: holding something steady

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32
Q

isotonic contraction

A

when a muscle cell contracts and changes length

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33
Q

2 types of isotonic contraction

A
  1. concentric contraction 2. eccentric contraction
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34
Q

concentric contraction

A

muscle shortens during contraction EX: bicep shortens when raising a dumbbell during a bicep curl

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35
Q

eccentric contraction

A

muscle lengthens during contraction EX: bicep lengthens when lowering a dumbbell during a bicep curl

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36
Q

muscle twitch

A

short, sudden and weak contraction that occurs when there’s a single electrical impulse activating a muscle

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37
Q

5 factors influencing force of skeletal muscle contraction

A
  1. wave summation
  2. spatial summation
  3. muscle fatigue
  4. size of muscle/number of myofibrils in muscle
  5. cell types
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38
Q

wave summation

  1. also known as
  2. is what
A
  1. temporal summation
  2. a rapid series of electrical stimulations to a muscle w/out giving it time to fully relax will cause each susequent response to increase
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39
Q

Tetanic contraction

  1. aka
  2. what is it
  3. two types
A
  1. tetanus
  2. higher frequency of electrical stimulation than wave summation results in a continuous increase in overall contraction force
  3. unfused and fused tetanus
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40
Q

unfused tetanus is what

A

when the maximum possible muscle force from each stimulus reaches a plateau

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41
Q

fused tetanus is what

A

electrical stimulation at such a high frequency that the peaks and valleys of each twitch become indistinguishable

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42
Q

spatial summation

A

number of motor units activated

more units=stronger contraction

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43
Q

muscle fatigue

  1. is what
  2. causes
A
  1. decrease in contraction strength
  2. lack of ATP, build up of waste, ionic imbalances
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44
Q

5 stages of ATP use and creation to sustain contractions and contraction force

A
  1. first 5 seconds use stored ATP
  2. next 10 seconds ATP from creatine phosphate system
  3. next minute ATP from glycolysis
  4. next 9 minutes ATP from glycolysis and aerobic respiration
  5. from then on ATP from aerobic respiration
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45
Q

creatine phosphate system

A

creatine phosphate (CP) is a tiny protein that reacts w/ ADP to form new ATP

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46
Q

glycolysis

A

series of reactions that break down glucose molecules releasing energy used to combine ADP+P into ATP

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47
Q

aerobic respiration

A

mitochondria break down carbs, proteins and lipids to make new ATP…requires oxygen

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48
Q

muscle fatigue: 2 ways waste build up occurs and the effects

A
  1. acids (EX: lactic acid) are formed by glycolysis and aerobic respiration interferes w/ myosin heads binding to thin filaments
  2. build up of phosphate from ATP break down blocks channels that release calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum
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49
Q

muscle fatigue: ionic imbalance

  1. cause
  2. what it is
  3. effect
A
  1. dehydration
  2. imbalance of sodium and potassium
  3. inhibits ability of skeletal muscles to conduct electricity
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50
Q

3 types of skeletal muscle cells

A
  1. fast glycolytic cells
  2. slow oxidated cells
  3. fast oxidative glycolytic cells
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51
Q

fast glycolytic cells

  1. also known as
  2. it’s type of myosin does what
  3. effcient at generating what via what means
  4. color and for what 2 reasons
  5. what type of contractions
  6. location
A
  1. fast twitch cells
  2. breaks down ATP quickly
  3. generating new ATP via glycolysis
  4. pale due to few mitochondria and low amounts of myoglobin
  5. quick and powerful contractions but muscle fatigues quickly
  6. muscles of upper limbs
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52
Q

slow oxidated cells

  1. also known as
  2. it’s type of myosin does what
  3. efficient at generatind what via what means
  4. color and why
  5. what type of contractions
  6. location
A
  1. slow twitch
  2. breaks down ATP slowly
  3. generates ATP via aerobic respiration
  4. red due to high amount of mitochondria and myoglobin
  5. sustained contractions (not as strong as fast twitch cells) and fatigue resistant
  6. trunk muscles
53
Q

fast oxidated glycolytic cells

  1. effcient at generating what via what 2 means
  2. color
  3. location
A
  1. generates ATP via glycolysis and aerobic respiration
  2. pink
  3. lower limb muscles
54
Q

weight training

  1. induces what that stimulates what by what means
  2. result
  3. stimulates conversion of what kind of cell to what kind of cell
A
  1. miscroscopic tears stimulate repair by production of new myofibrils
  2. muscles/muscle cells get bigger and stronger
  3. conversion of fast oxidative glycolytic cells to fast glycolytic cells
55
Q

myoglobin

A

red colored protein that binds to oxygen keeping oxygen levels high in the cell

56
Q

anabolic steroids

A

drugs that mimic testosterone

57
Q

endurance exercise converts what cells to what cells

A

converts fast glycolytic cells to fast oxidative glycolytic cells

58
Q

threshold stimulus is what

A

the lowest voltage neccesary to to get a contractile response from a muscle

59
Q
A

A. epimysium

B/C. perimysium covering a fascicle

D/E. endomysium covering a muscle fiber

61
Q

tendons 1. made of what kind of connective tissue 2. location

A
  1. cords of dense regular connective tissue 2. binds muscles to bones and muscles to skin in the face
62
Q

aponeuroses are what

A

flat tendons connecting muscle to bones or muscle to muscle

63
Q

origin of a muscle is what

A

the bone that a muscle is attached to that doesn’t move when the muscle contracts

64
Q

insertion of a muscle is what

A

the bone (or skin in the face) that a muscle is attached to that moves when the muscle contracts

65
Q

action of a muscle is what

A

the body movement the muscle performs when it contracts

66
Q

flexion

A

decreasing the angle across a joint

67
Q

extension

A

increasing the angle across a joint

68
Q

hyperextension

A

increasing the angle across a joint past anatomical position which commonly leads to joint injury

69
Q

adduction

A

moving a body part closer to the midline

70
Q

abduction

A

moving a body part further from the midline

71
Q

rotation

A

twisting movement in a half circle

72
Q

dorsiflexion

A

standing on heels w/ balls of feet off the floor

73
Q

plantar flexion

A

standing on balls of feet

74
Q

agonists

A

muscles most responsible for producing a particular movement

75
Q

antagonists

A

muscles that oppose or reverse a movement

76
Q

synergists

A

aid the agonists by either assisting w/ the movement or reducing undesirable movement

77
Q
A

A. orbicularis oculi

B. orbicularis oris

C. masseter

D. temporalis

E. sternocleidomastoid

78
Q

fixators

A

synergists that stabalize joints

80
Q

orbicularis oculi function

A

closes eye

81
Q

orbicularis oris function

A

closes lips

82
Q

masseter and temporalis function

A

closes jaw

83
Q

sternocleidomastoid 2 functions

A

flexion of neck and rotating of head

84
Q

pectoralis major 3 functions

A

flexion, adduction and medial rotation of arm

85
Q

pectoralis minor

  1. function
  2. location
A
  1. draws scapula anteriorly and inferiorly
  2. deep to the pectoralis major
86
Q

intercostals function

A

pull ribs towards one another

87
Q

trapezius 4 functions

A

raise, rotate, retract and stabalize scapula

88
Q

deltoid function

A

arm abduction

89
Q

rectus abdominus 2 functions

A

flex and rotate vertebral column

90
Q

external and internal oblique 3 functions

A

1 and 2. flex and rotate vertebral column

  1. compress abdominal wall
91
Q

transversus abdominus function

A

compress abdominal contents

92
Q

latissimus dorsi 3 functions

A

extension, adduction and medial rotation of arm

93
Q

triceps brachii function

A

forearm extension

94
Q

triceps brachii

  1. origin
  2. insertion
A
  1. scapula and humerus
  2. olecranon process of ulna
95
Q

biceps brachii function

A

forearm flexion

96
Q

biceps brachii

  1. origin
  2. insertion
A
  1. scapula
  2. radius
97
Q
A

A. brachialis

B. extensor carpi radialis longus

C. extensor digitorum

98
Q

brachialis function

A

forearm flexion

99
Q

brachialis

  1. origin
  2. insertion
A
  1. humerus
  2. ulna
100
Q
A

A. flexor carpi radialis

B. biceps brachii

C. flexor digitorum superficialis

102
Q

extensor carpi radialis longus 2 functions

A

extend and abduct hand

103
Q

extensor digitorum function

A

extend fingers

105
Q
A

A. gluteus maximus

B. gluteus medius

C. biceps femoris

D. semimembranosus

106
Q
A

A. sartorius

B. gracilis

C. rectus femoris

D. vastus lateralis

E. vastus medialis

107
Q

flexor digitorum superficialis 2 functions

A
  1. flex hand
  2. flex phalanges 2 through 5
108
Q

flexor carpi radialis 2 functions

A

flex and abduct the hand

109
Q

gluteus maximus function

A

extend thigh

110
Q

gluteus medius 2 functions

(outward and inward movements)

A

abduct and medially rotate thigh

113
Q

sartorius 4 functions

(two outward movements)

A

1/2/3. flex, abduct and laterally rotate thigh

  1. flex leg
114
Q
A

A. gastrocnemius

B. extensor digitorum longus

C. tibialis anterior

115
Q

gracilis 3 functions

(2 inward movements)

A
  1. adduct thigh
  2. flex and medially rotate leg
116
Q

rectus femoris 2 functions

A
  1. extend leg
  2. flex thigh
117
Q

vastus lateralis 2 functions

A
  1. extend leg
  2. stabalize knee
118
Q

vastus medialis 2 functions

A
  1. extend leg
  2. stabaliz patella
119
Q

vastus intermedius

  1. function
  2. location
A
  1. extend leg
  2. deep to the rectus femoris
120
Q

biceps femoris and semimembranosus 2 functions

A
  1. extend thigh
  2. flex leg
122
Q

gastrocnemius function

A

plantar flexion

123
Q

gastrocnemius

  1. origin
  2. insertion
A
  1. femur
  2. calcaneus
124
Q

flexor digitorum longus 2 functions

A
  1. flex toes
  2. plantar flexion
125
Q

flexor digitorum longus

  1. origin
  2. insertion
  3. location
A
  1. tibia
  2. phalanges
  3. deep to the gastrocnemius
126
Q

extensor digitorum longus function

A

extend toes

127
Q

extensor digitorum longus

  1. origin
  2. insertion
A
  1. tibia/fubula
  2. phalanges
128
Q

tibialis anterior function

A

dorsiflexion

129
Q

tibialis anterior

  1. origin
  2. insertion
A
  1. tibia
  2. metartarsal 1
130
Q

muscle twitch

A

short, sudden and weak contraction that occurs when there’s a single electrical impulse activating a muscle

131
Q

wave summation

  1. also known as
  2. is what
A
  1. temporal summation
  2. a rapid series of electrical stimulations to a muscle w/out giving it time to fully relax will cause each susequent response to increase
132
Q

spatial summation

A

number of motor units activated

more units=stronger contraction

133
Q

motor unit

  1. is what
  2. precise movements verses coarse
A
  1. neuron and all of the skeletal muscle cells it’s wired to
  2. precise movements (like with fingers)=10 muscle cells per neuron

coarse movements (like clenching butt cheek)=100’s of muscle cells per neuron

134
Q

Tetanic contraction

  1. aka
  2. what is it
  3. two types
A
  1. tetanus
  2. higher frequency of electrical stimulation than wave summation results in a continuous increase in overall contraction force
  3. unfused and fused tetanus
135
Q

threshold stimulus is what

A

the lowest voltage neccesary to to get a contractile response from a muscle

A&P 1 (28 decks)

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