tissues

Question 1

Epithelial tissue

Answer 1

sheets of cells that cover and line other tissues

each epithelial cell has an apical surface and a basal surface

lateral surfaces are connected to neighbouring cells by junctional complexes

Question 2

Apical surface

Answer 2

surface faces the outside of the organ/structure

outer layer

Question 3

Basal surface

Answer 3

faces the basal lamina and blood vessels

base layer

Question 4

cellular junctions and what is the three major types

Answer 4

tight junctions - fusion of layers, no leaks

desmosomes - mechanical interlocking, repeated tension and stretching, skin, heart, uterus

gap junctions - tubular proteins connect to allow exchange, intestinal epithelial cells, heart and smooth muscle tissue

Question 5

classification of epithelial tissue

Answer 5

number of layers of cells: simple or stratified

shape of the cells: squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

prescence of surface specializations: Cilia, keratin, etc

Question 6

keratin

Answer 6

a protein made by cells

Question 7

villi

Answer 7

in the s.intestines are made up of cells lined with microvilli

Question 8

Cilia

Answer 8

help ‘transport’ materials

Question 9

simple squamous epithelium

Answer 9

• fragile and thin
• found lining surfaces involved in the passage of either gas or liquid
• flat and smooth

Question 10

simple cuboidal epithelium

Answer 10

• single layer of cube - shaped cells
• round, dark staining nuclei aligned in a single row
• occurs where secretion and absorption take place

Question 11

simple columnar epithelium

Answer 11

• elongated and closely packed together
• found in many excretory ducts as well as in the digestive tract

Question 12

stratified squamos epithelium

Answer 12

• multilayered
• occur in areas of the body subject to mechanical and chemical stresses
• protect underlying tissues
• found in skin, oral cavity, and oesophagus

Question 13

stratified cuboidal epithelium

Answer 13

• usually two layers of cuboidal cells
• found primarily along large excretory ducts
• protects underlying tissues

Question 14

stratified columnar epithelium

Answer 14

• found only in select parts of the respiratory, digestive, reproductive systems and along some excretory ducts
• function in secretion and protection

Question 15

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Answer 15

• cell nuclei are found at different levels across the length of the tissue
• found in respiratory tract and in portions of the male reproductive tract

Question 16

transitional epithelium

Answer 16

• stratified epithelium with a basal layer of cuboidal or columnar cells and a superficial layer of cuboidal or squamous cells

found in areas of the body required to expand and contract

Question 17

goblet cell

Answer 17

• unicellular exocrine gland
• ductless and composed of modified columnar epithelial cell
• secretes mucin (mucous)

Question 18

connective tissue functions

Answer 18

• supports and connects tissues throughout the body.
• makes up a huge proportion of the tissue within the body

-acts as a reserve for energy

-plays a role in healing process and in the control of invading microorganisms

Question 19

loose tissue

Answer 19

areolar - surrounds every organ, forms the layer that connects skin to muscle

adipose- acts as an energy storehouse and thermal insulator

Question 20

dense tissue

Answer 20

fibrous/dense
cartilage

Question 21

dense regular connective tissue

Answer 21

tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers

makes up tendons and ligaments

Question 22

dense irregular connective tissue

Answer 22

• found in the dermis of the skin and in the fibrous coverings of many organs

forms the tough capsule of joints

fibers are interwoven to form a single sheet

Question 23

what are connective tissues made up of

Answer 23

• ground substance
  cells exchange nutrients and waste with the bloodstream

-cells

fixed cells - involved in production and maintenance of the matrix

transient cells - involved in the repair and protection of tissues

-protein fibres

Collagen - dense, strong, fibrous

Elastin - allows stretch and compliance

Question 24

what is a tendon?

Answer 24

attach bone to muscle

Question 25

what is a ligament?

Answer 25

attach bone to bone

Question 26

dense elastic connective tissue

Answer 26

• composed of elastic fibers
• found in spaces between vertebrae and in areas of the body that require stretching (walls of arteries, stomach, bronchi, bladder

Question 27

specialised connective tissues

Answer 27

Cartilage
-hyaline cartilage
- elastic cartilage
- fibrocartilage

bone

blood

Question 28

Cartilage

Answer 28

found in joints and in the ear, nose and vocal cords

forms a framework on which bone is formed

cells - chondrocytes: cartilage cells

Matrix - collagen fibres are most commonly found in the matrix, but elastic fibers are also present in varying amounts

Question 29

Cartilage

Answer 29

Hyaline - most common type. Found in - between joints and in embryonic skeleton

elastic - higher levels of elastin. Found in larynx and pinna

fibrocartilage - found in between vertebrae

Question 30

Mucous membranes

Answer 30

• line organs with connections to the outside environment
• usually composed of either stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium covering a layer of loose connective tissue