skeletal

Question 1

functions of Bone

Answer 1

-support
-protection
-leverage
-storage
-blood cell formation

made up of 2 minerals
-calcium
-phosphate

Question 2

Matrix

Answer 2

made up of collagen fibers embedded in protein and polysaccharides

Question 3

Bone structure

Answer 3

cancellous bone: light and spongy

compact bone: dense and heavy

Question 4

haversian canals

Answer 4

concentric layers of ossified bone matrix arranged around a central canal

blood and lymph vessels and nerves

Question 5

blood supply to bone

Answer 5

• volkmann canals: channels through bone matrix that contain blood vessels

-blood vessels in the volkmnn canals join with blood vessels in the haversian systems

• nutrient foramina: channels in many large bones

Contain large blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves

Question 6

compact bone and spongy (cancellous bone)

Answer 6

haversian canal - run along length

volkmanns canal - perpendicular to haversian canals

nutrient foramina - large holes in bones for large blood vessels

Question 7

Bone Structure - periosteum

Answer 7

periosteum: membrane that covers outer surfaces of bones

-outer layer is composed of fibrous tissue

• inner layer contains osteoblasts
• not present on articular surfaces

-Endosteum: membrane that lines the hollow interior surfaces of bones

Question 8

Bone Cells

Answer 8

Osteoblasts:
cells that produce bone
Harden matrix through ossification

Osteoclasts: remodel/remove bone

Question 9

Red Bone Marrow

Answer 9

Red bone marrow
-forms red blood cells
-majority of the bone marrow of young animals
-only a small portion of the marrow of older animals
- confined to a few specific locations in older animals

Question 10

Yellow bone marrow

Answer 10

• consists primarily of adipose connective tissue
  -most common type of marrow in adult animals
  -can revert to red bone marrow if needed

Question 11

Bone Shapes

Answer 11

-long
-short
-flat
-irregular

Question 12

Bone Features

Answer 12

articular (joint) surfaces

condyle: large, round articular surface

Head: spherical articular surface on the proximal end of a long bone
-joins with the shaft of the bone at the neck region

facet -flat articular surface

Question 13

Bone features (processes)

Answer 13

projections off a bone surface
-name depends on location

examples
-spinous process of a vertebra
-tronchanter on the femur
-tuberosity on the ischium
-spine on the scapula
-wing on the atlas

Question 14

bone features

Answer 14

foramen: hole in a bone; may contain blood vessels, nerves

Fossa: depressed area on the surface of a bone

Question 15

Axial skeleton - skull

Answer 15

maxilla refers to the upper jaw

most of the skull bones are joints called sutures

The mandible (lower jaw)
connected to the rest of the skull by a synovial joint

Question 16

Mandibular fractures in cats

Answer 16

Mandibular symphysis refers to the suture (joining) between the two halves of the lower jaw (mandible)

Question 17

Hyoid Bone

Answer 17

composed of several portions of bone united by cartilage

supports the larynx and ‘voice box’

Question 18

axial skeleton vertebrae

Answer 18

consist of a body, an arch, and processes

intervertebral discs:
cartilage separating bodies of adjacent vertebrae

Question 19

Axial skeleton Ribs

Answer 19

-flat bones that form lateral walls of the thorax

-Dorsal heads of the ribs articulate with thoracic vertebrae

-costochondral junction - area where costal cartilage meets bony rib

Question 20

Axial skeleton Ribs

Answer 20

costal cartilages
-join the sternum or
the costal cartilage
ahead of them

the last rib is classed as a floating rib -these do not join at the sternum

Question 21

Sternum

Answer 21

• The breastbone
  -forms the floor of the thorax
  -composed of sternebrae
• manubrium sterni : most cranial sternebra
• Xiophoid process most caudal sternebra

Question 22

Thoracic Limb

Answer 22

-scapula
-humerus
-radius
-ulna
-carpal bones
- metacarpal bones
-phalanges