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Anatomy physiology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

what do cells do?

A

takes nutrients
expel waste
grow and repair themselves

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2
Q

Nucleus

A

brain of the cell

contains chromosomes

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3
Q

What does chromosomes do?

A

they contain DNA and this tells the cell how to function. it carries instructions on how to behave and information for protein synthesis

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4
Q

what chemical is the nucleus made up of and what does it produce?

A

it is made up of RNA (Ribonucleic Acid).

The nucleolus also produces ribosomes used in protein synthesis

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5
Q

cell membrane

A

also known as the plasma membrane

covered with carbs and these are believed to help the cell recognise other cells.

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6
Q

What is diffusion

A

particles moving from an area of high concentration > low concentration particles “spreading out”

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7
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Oxygen and water enter the cell in this way.
Molecules that are soluble in lipids will passively dissolve in the lipid part of the cell membrane and diffuse across it.

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8
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

A type of passive diffusion, this is where the substance attaches to a carrier protein to help it cross the cell membrane. this occurs through pores in the cell membrane - these are pores along the membrane that allow small molecules to pass through

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9
Q

Active transport

A

this form of transport requires a carrier and requires energy to enter the cell as it is moving against the concentration gradient. the energy of the carrier cell(ATP) is used. sodium enters the cell in this way

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10
Q

endocytosis and exocytosis and phagocytosis

A

cells can ingest materials by engulfing them

endocytosis - engulfed in membrane - particles enter the cell

exocytosis - particles expelled from the cell

phagocytosis - without membrane

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11
Q

what is cytoplasm

A

fluid that fills inside of the cell. this provides the cell with support

contains glucose, protiens and ions

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12
Q

what is the mitochondria

A

responsible for cellular respiration

energy extraction from food and the energy is stored as ATP

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13
Q

Lysosomes

A

they digest material taken in by the cell during phagocytosis and endocytosis

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14
Q

ribosomes

A

protein synthesis
float freely in the cytoplasm and attach themselves to the endoplasmic reticulum

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15
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

transports and adds structure to proteins that have been synthesised by ribosomes

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16
Q

Golgi body

A

modification of proteins for their final destination

helps in the formation of lysosomes

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17
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

synthesis and transport of lipids and steroids

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18
Q

organelles peroxisomes

A

bound by a single membrane and they contain enzymes

active process of detoxification

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19
Q

Vacuole

A

they are filled with cell sap or food
particles, air or water/fluid

its function is to maintain pressure within a plant cell

hold waste and other material

20
Q

Flagella

A

an extension of the cell membrane on certain cells to allow propelling moving for example spermatozoa

21
Q

Cilia

A

an extension of the cell membrane and allow smaller wavelike movements over the cell surface to move debris and fluid

22
Q

chromosomes

A

thread like structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus, carrying genetic information in the form of genes

23
Q

Chromatid

A

each of the two thread like strands into which a chromosome divides during cell division

24
Q

Centromere

A

the point on a chromosome by which it is attached

25
Q

diploid number

A

2 sets of chromosomes (full set)

26
Q

haploid number

A

single set of unpaired chromosomes (half)

27
Q

centrosomes/ centrioles

A

organelle near the nucleus of cell which contains the centrioles which form the spindle fibres for cell division

28
Q

what chromosomes do cats and dogs do

A

dogs 39 pairs 78 in total

cats 19 pairs 38 in total

29
Q

cell division (somatic cells)

A

divide by mitosis these are the body cells apart from reproductive cells. these cells contain the diploid number of chromosomes

30
Q

cell division ( germ cells)

A

divide by meiosis. These cells are sex cells. sperm and ova and these contain the haploid number of chromosomes

31
Q

Mitosis

A

somatic cells replicate by binary fission meaning dividing into 2

32
Q

mitosis - prophase

A
  • chromosomes already replicated
  • nuclear membrane breaks down
    -chromosomes contract and shorter/fatter
  • centrioles are now at each end of the cell
33
Q

mitosis - metaphase

A
  • chromosomes line up on the equator
    -chromatids draw apart at the centromere
34
Q

Mitosis - Anaphase

A
  • chromosomes attach themselves to spindle fibres
  • chromatids move apart to opposite poles of the cell
35
Q

mitosis - telophase

A
  • chromatids will be the new chromosomes for the daughter cells
  • spindle fibres break down
  • nuclear membrane reforms itself
  • cell constricts in the middle until it divides into 2
36
Q

Mitosis - interphase

A

this phase is classed as rest phase, it is often considered as the first, or the last phase

DNa makes a copy of itself ready for the prophase

37
Q

meiosis prophase 1

A

starts with diploid no. of chromosomes

identical chromosomes lie side by side and duplicate

crossing over occurs here resulting in new combinations of genes

38
Q

meiosis metapahse 1

A

homologous pairs of chromosomes line at the equator of the cell

fibrous spindle starts to form

chromosomes arrange in pairs

39
Q

meiosis - anaphase

A

pairs seperate into chromatids migrate along the spindle fibres towards the end of the cell

40
Q

meiosis - telephase

A

cytoplasm starts to divide

the nuclear membrane doesn’t reform

we now have two daughter cells

41
Q

prophase 2 meiosis

A

transitionary phase - no replication

42
Q

metaphase 2

A

chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell and attach to the spindle apparatus

43
Q

meiosis - anaphase

A

the spindle fibres contract pulling the chromatids and apart at the centromere, so that they move to opposite ends of the cell

44
Q

telophase 2 - meiosis

A

the cutoplasm divides and the nuclear membrane reforms

45
Q

mitosis vs meiosis

A

mitosis
-somatic cells
- diploid (full) no chromosomes
-2 daughter cells

Meiosis
- sex/germ cells
- haploid (half) no chromosomes
- 4 daughter cells

Anatomy physiology (14 decks)

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