nutritional calculations Flashcards
catabolism
breakdown of substances into smaller molecules to produce energy
anabolism
use of stored energy to assemble
Gluconeogenesis
protein can be converted into glucose by a process called gluconeogenesis
an anabolic process
happens in the liver
anorexic patient
anorexia/hyporexia tends to go hand in hand with dehydration and hypokalaemia (low blood poassium)
nutritional intervention is indicated after 3-5 days or an anticipated loss over 10% bodyweight
What do all cells need to produce ATP
Glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water
Where do they get the glucose if they are not eating?
fat left stored in the body
physiology of starvation catabolism
if patients aren’t eating they break down substances in the body to release calories
glycogen - fat stores - protein stores
physiology of starvation - catabolism
in stressed patients with a systemic disease, they breakdown body stores in a less optimal order
we can refer to the breakdown of protein as protein energy malnutrition
GI ileus
anorexia leads to a reduction and eventually absence in gut motility
commensal microbes can leave the intestines and spread to nearby areas - becoming pathogenic, including the blood stream
refer to this as bacterial translocation
Fat metabolism
fatty acids are also used by the mitochondria to create ATP
Beta -Oxidation is the process whereby fatty acids are converted into Acetyl CoA
this acetyl CoA then enters the Krebs cycle of respiration
Cachexia
muscle loss associated with disease
(protein energy malnutrition)
Sarcopnia
muscle loss associated with aging
Obesity
30-50% of the small animal population is overweight
side effects of obesity in companion animals
- increased risk of osteoarthritis
-increased oxidative stress - insulin resistance
- reduced welfare
- decreased lifespan
What role do we have as professionals in addressing this?
-owner education and support
-patient assessment
