nutritional calculations Flashcards
catabolism
breakdown of substances into smaller molecules to produce energy
anabolism
use of stored energy to assemble
Gluconeogenesis
protein can be converted into glucose by a process called gluconeogenesis
an anabolic process
happens in the liver
anorexic patient
anorexia/hyporexia tends to go hand in hand with dehydration and hypokalaemia (low blood poassium)
nutritional intervention is indicated after 3-5 days or an anticipated loss over 10% bodyweight
What do all cells need to produce ATP
Glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water
Where do they get the glucose if they are not eating?
fat left stored in the body
physiology of starvation catabolism
if patients aren’t eating they break down substances in the body to release calories
glycogen - fat stores - protein stores
physiology of starvation - catabolism
in stressed patients with a systemic disease, they breakdown body stores in a less optimal order
we can refer to the breakdown of protein as protein energy malnutrition
GI ileus
anorexia leads to a reduction and eventually absence in gut motility
commensal microbes can leave the intestines and spread to nearby areas - becoming pathogenic, including the blood stream
refer to this as bacterial translocation
Fat metabolism
fatty acids are also used by the mitochondria to create ATP
Beta -Oxidation is the process whereby fatty acids are converted into Acetyl CoA
this acetyl CoA then enters the Krebs cycle of respiration
Cachexia
muscle loss associated with disease
(protein energy malnutrition)
Sarcopnia
muscle loss associated with aging
Obesity
30-50% of the small animal population is overweight
side effects of obesity in companion animals
- increased risk of osteoarthritis
-increased oxidative stress - insulin resistance
- reduced welfare
- decreased lifespan
What role do we have as professionals in addressing this?
-owner education and support
-patient assessment
weight loss additives
L-carnitine (promotes fatty acid metabolism)
Omega 3 fatty acids (unpregulation of mitochondrial function)
Fibre and obesity
Dietary fibre and protein manage obesity as they
- promote satiety
- protein also helps promote muscle hypertrophy
fibre and obesity
soluble fibre absorbs water as it moves through the gut., This causes intestinal distention which promotes feeling of satiety. this also adds faecal bulk
GE/Gross energy
the maximum energy content of a diet/food
DE/ digestible energy
Gross energy minus energy lost in faeces
ME - Metabolisable energy
digestible energy minus energy lost in urine and gas production
NE - Net energy
metabolisable energy minus heat production associated with food consumption
Energy measurements
-calories
- kilocalories
- kilojoules
1Kcal - 1000 calories or 4.2KJ
of the macro nutrients, which has the highest energy density
Fats have the highest metabolisable energy at 8.7 kcal/g
carbs and proteins are equal, with an ME of 3.5
water has no energy value
energy measurements
resting energy requirements
RER- energy requirement of an inactive patient in a non - fasted state
MER - maintenance energy requirement - to work this out we multiply RER by a factor
Resting energy requirement
animals between 2kg - 30kg
RER = (30 x bodyweight in kg) + 70
animals outside that range
RER= 70 x (BW)0.75
MER Table
Entire
-cats - 1.4-1.6
- dogs - 1.8
neutered
cats- 1.2-1.6
dogs - 1.6
senior
cats - 1.1-1.6
dogs - 1.4
light exercise
cats - NAD
dogs - 1.6-2
moderate exercise
cat -NAD
dog - 2-5
heavy exercise
cats - NAD
dogs - 5-11
pregnancy
cats - 1.6 - 2
dogs - last trimester 3
Lactation
cats - 2-6
dogs - 4 - 8
under 4 months
kittens - 2.5
puppies - 3
50 - 80% adult weight
kittens - 2.5
puppies - 3
over 80% adult weight
kittens - 2.5
puppies - 1.8 - 2
feeding hospitalised patients
if the amount needed is less than 1 can/1 bag - calculate the percentage of it needed
amount needed/ Kcal in food x 100 = % needed
example of RER
RER = (30 x 25kg) + 70 = 820 kcals
820/375 = 2.18 tins of food
feeding hospitalised patients tube feeds
patients that have been anorexic for several days require nutritional support. feeding tubes are placed to help ensure the patient meets its RER
MER for 5kg for entire cat
5kg x 30 = 150 + 70 = 220
220 x 1.4 = 308
220 x 1.6 = 352
308-352 kcal
