Endocrine Flashcards
Endocrine system
Endocrine glands are ductless glands that secret
hormones into circulation to a specific target
organ, gland or tissue
Endocrine system
-anterior and posterior pituitary
-thyroid
-parathyroid
-pancreas
-kidneys and adrenal Gland
-ovaries and testes
Adrenocorticotrophic
release from - anterior pituitary
function - regulates the production of glucocorticoids, cortisol and corticosertone (endogenous steroids)
somatotrophin
release from - anterior pituitary
function - controls growth rate and energy use
Thyroid stimulating hormone
release from -anterior pituitary
function - stimulates the release of t3 and t4 from the thyroid gland
Interstitial cell stimulating Hormone
release from - anterior pituitary
function - Stimulates the interstitial cells to release testosterone
Oxytocin
release from - posterior Pituitary
function -Uterine contractions. positive feedback mechanism from soft tissue stimulation
Antidiuretic Hormone
release from - posterior
function - causes water retention and increases blood pressure
Thyroxine
release from - thyroid glands
function - helps blood vessels constrict and helps the kidneys control the amount of water and salt in the body
Calcitonin
release from - Thyroid gland
function- lowers serum calcium levels by depositing in bone, decreasing renal re-absorption and intestinal absorption
DECREASE BLOOD CA LEVELS
Parathormone
release from - parathyroid hormone
function- lack of bone density and bone loss
INCREASE BLOOD CA LEVELS
Erythropoietin
release from - kidneys
function - causes red blood cell production by bone marrow
Glucocorticoids
release from - adrenal cortex
function - reduce inflammation and increase blood glucose levels
Mineralocorticoids
release from - Adenal cortex
regulates electrolytes and acid base balance
Adrenaline
release from - Adrenal gland
function - increases blood sugar, skeletal muscle blood supply, heart rate, reduces gastrointestinal activity
Glucagon
release from function- the pancreas
function- helps regulate your blood glucose (sugar) levels
insulin
release from - the pancreas
function - to allow glucose to enter cells to be used as energy and to maintain the amount of glucose found in the bloodstream with normal levels
somatostatin
release from - the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas
function - prevents the release of pancreatic hormones, including insulin, glucagon and gastrin.
melatonin
release from - pineal gland
function - regulates circadian rhythm
Hyperthyroidism
Tachycardia
weight loss
polyphagia
poldispia
polyuria
hypothyroidism
bradycardia
weight gain
appetite reduction
loss of quality
prolactin
release from - mammary glands
function - stimulates the development of the mammary glands and the secretion of milk
Oxytocin
release from - the hypothalamus
function - stimulates uterine contractions during labour
T4
T3
T4- Thyroxin
T3 - tri - iodothuronine - contains a high proportion of the trace element iodine
Parathyroid gland
release from - thyroid glands
function - raises calcium levels , if levels are low calcium is reabsorbed from the bones and absorption of calcium from the intestine is increased
KIdneys
produces - erythropoietin
function - stimulates erythropoiesis in bone marrow in response to hypoxia
Adrenal Glands
sit on top of the kidneys
Structure - inner medulla, outer cortex, surrounded by a capsule
Adrenal Cortex
Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
sex hormones
Glucocorticoids
cortisone, cortisol
protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolism
anti-flammatory
e.g Cushings
Mineralocorticoids
aldosterone
regulates electrolytes/acid base balance
e.g Addisons
sex hormones
androgens and oestrogens
e.g.ferret addisons
Renin - Angiotensin - aldosterone - system
Renin is released from the kidneys. RAAS refers to a cascade of hormones that cause an increase in blood pressure
Adrenal Medulla
adrenaline
Noradrenaline - both hormones and neuro transmitters
prepare body for an emergency action
fear, flight, fight syndrome
Actions of adrenaline
- Increased blood glucose concentrations
- increase bloody supply to skeletal muscles
- increased heart rate
-urinary retention
- sweat production
Why is adrenaline released
Hypoglycaemia
Stress
Hypotension
Hypothermia
cells
Alpha
Beta
Delta
Hormone
-Glucagon
-Insulin
-Somatostatin
Function
-raises blood glucose
-lowers blood glucose
-prevents large fluctuations
Gonadotrophins
FSH and LH, From the anterior pituitary stimulate the reproductive organs
Testosterone
LH stimulates production by ledwig cells in testes in response to ISCH
development of male characteristics including behaviour
oestrogen
nourish the spermatazoa
mostly in females - produced by developing ovarian follicles, produces signs of oestrus
progesterone
prepares the reproductive tract for pregnancy
maintains pregnancy
Pineal Gland
lies within the brain with epithalamus
produces melatonin
darkness- melatonin low
daylight - melatonin
affects moods and wake-sleep cycles
