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Anatomy physiology > Nutritional requirements > Flashcards

Nutritional requirements Flashcards

1
Q

digestion

A

long chains of molecules are broken down into individual molecules

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2
Q

absorption

A

those individual molecules are then absorbed into the blood stream

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3
Q

metabolism

A

chemical reactions that occur within cells

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4
Q

protease

A

enzyme that breaks down protein

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5
Q

what macro ( needed in large quantities ) nutrients are there

A

Water - most essential
protein - responsible for all calories
Carbs ^
Fats/lipids ^

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6
Q

what micro needed in small quantities) nutrients are there?

A

Vitamins
Minerals

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7
Q

carbohydrate functions

A

carbs are broken down into simple sugar such as glucose

provides a source of energy that is metabolically efficient

carbs are water soluble

good source of energy for cats and dogs

carbs make up 60-90% of dry matter weight in cat and dog food.

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8
Q

fibre - polysaccharide

A

its structure makes it hard to be broken down

made up of soluble fibre called pectin and insoluble fibre mainly cellulose

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9
Q

what is Pectin?

A

water soluble dietary fibre

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10
Q

What is cellulose?

A

insoluble dietary fibre

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11
Q

fibre benefits to cats and dogs

A

adds faecal bulk

increases amount of water that reaches l.intestine

aids in intestinal health via peristalsis (digestive motility)

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12
Q

what is protein?

A

second most abundant substance in the body

made up from amino acids

non - essential

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13
Q

proteins pt2

A

amino acids are the building blocks of all protein

they cannot be synthesised by the body

cats must eat meat as it contains Taurine which cats need in their diet

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14
Q

essential amino acids for dogs

A

arginine
histidine
isoleucine
leucine
lysine

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15
Q

essential amino acids for cats

A

arginine
methionine
phenylalanine
tryptophan
threonine
taurine

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16
Q

protein metabolism - deamination

A

bacteria in the small intestine breakdown protein and as a byproduct, release ammonia.

the ammonia is then transported to the liver by the hepatic portal vein

the liver then metabolizes ammonia into urea (deamination) . urea is excreted by the kidneys in urine.

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17
Q

protein metabolism - transamination

A

the liver converts protein into usuable amino acids. we refer to this process as transamination

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18
Q

deamiantion

A

the excretion of waste from protein

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19
Q

transamiantion

A

the production of new proteins

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20
Q

protein summary

A

key to bodily structure and functions

excesses are converted into fat or glycogen

the waste component of protein is metabolised by the liver and excreted by the kidneys

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21
Q

protein deficiencies

A

reduced growth and repair rates poor coat and skin condition

22
Q

protein excesses

A

weight gain

can exacerbate underlying pathologies relating to kidneys/liver

can form crystals blocking cats urination

23
Q

what is fats/lipids?

A

great source of energy but metabolically inefficient

made up of glycerol and fatty acids

helps make food palatable

some fatty acids are essential nutrients e.g. omega 3 and 6

needed for insulation

24
Q

fats/lipids pt2

A

most concentrated form of energy in the diet

is insoluble needs processing by body before can be used

triglycerides are the most abundant form of fat found in the body and in food. these are generally used as energy or stored as adipose tissue (body fat)

25
Q

essential fatty acid in a dog

A

linoleic acid 06

26
Q

essential fatty acid in a cat

A

linoleic acid 06
arachnidonic acid 06

27
Q

fat/lipid functions

A

storage
high energy storage
production of metabolic water
thermal insulation
waterproofing
hormone production

28
Q

Fat summary

A

unlike glucose, fat has unlimited storage and is fundamental source of energy during periods of starvation.

increased palatability of foods. hyperpalatable foods are usually high in fat

29
Q

fat deficiencies

A

dry coat and scaly skin
impaired wound healing

30
Q

fat excesses

A

obesity
animals predisposed to pancreatitis would have the condition exacerbated by a high fat diet

31
Q

what do vitamins function as ?

A

co enzymes - a molecule that binds to the active site of enzymes. as such, they play a diverse and multifaceted role in metabolism

32
Q

what vitamins are fat soluble and can be stored in the body?

A

A
D
E
K

33
Q

what vitamins are water soluble (cannot be stored)

A

B, C

34
Q

what is vitamin A

A

found in high levels in dietary liver, important for eyesight

35
Q

what is vitamin D

A

can be synthesised from UVB light. Essential for calcium absorption

36
Q

what is vitamin E

A

important for antioxidant

37
Q

what is vitamin K

A

vital for coagulation

38
Q

what is vitamin B/C

A

both co enzymes for metabolism and homeostasis

39
Q

essential vitamins (required in diet)

A

B - some synthesised in gut
A
D-synthesised through skin via UVB light)
E

40
Q

Non essential (can be synthesised)

A

C - except guinea pigs and primates where it is essential)
K-made by gut bacteria

41
Q

what is hypervitaminosis A

A

a potential complication of feeding cats high levels of raw liver

the condition causes the calcification of the liver, spleen and joints

42
Q

Antioxidants

A

reactive oxygen species, free radicals cause inflammation

antioxidants neutralise free radicals

there are many free radicals but the most important one is vitamin E

43
Q

Minerals

A

calcium
magnesium
sodium
phosphorous
chloride
potassium

44
Q

electrolytes

A

calcium
magnesium
sodium
phosphate
chloride
potassium

45
Q

what are electrolytes?

A

they are minerals with an electrical change. They’re metabolically active and are vital to homeostasis. They’re found throughout the body and maintained in fixed ranges within plasma

46
Q

calcium function

A

muscle/heart function, clotting

47
Q

potassium function

A

heart function, blood pH

48
Q

sodium function

A

muscle/nerve function, osmotic pressure

49
Q

magnesium function

A

blood pressure regulation

50
Q

chloride function

A

osmotic pressure, blood pH

51
Q

phosphate function

A

low levels cause anaemia

52
Q

calcium : Phosphorus

A

cats and dogs have a Ca:P ratio 1:1 - 1.5:1

raw meat is very high in phosphate
calcium gets catabolised from bone to compensate

Anatomy physiology (14 decks)

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