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Anatomy physiology > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the interstitial space

A

the space around the cells

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2
Q

the nervous system

A

is the bodys electrical communications network

generates and transmits information throughout the body in the form of electrical impulses

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3
Q

CNS and PNS

A

CNS - brain and spinal cord
PNS - nerves leaving the CNS

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4
Q

Central Nervous System

A

works as control centre
receives information
processes it and sends out instructions

info from receptor cell is transmitted by nerve impulses to the brain

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5
Q

Peripheal nervous sytem

A

whole body is supplied by it
given off as cranial nerves from the brain and spinal nerves from the spinal cord

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6
Q

Functions of CNS, PNS

A
  1. sensory input - nerve cells called sensory neurons collect info and transmit impulse

integration - the CNS processes the input

Motor output :
in response, the PNS sends out impulses through motor nerves to muscles, glands and other organs

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7
Q

PNS

A

Cranial nerves

spinal Nerves

Autonomic nerves - supply smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands and are under involuntary control. 3 sub divisions
- sympathetic ‘fight or flight’
-parasympathetic
- enteric

Somatic nerves - supply the skeletal muscle and are under voluntary control

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8
Q

The nervous system

A

central NS - body’s master control unity (Spinal Cord, Brain Stem, Brain)

Peripheral NS - the body’s link to the outside world ( The autonomic NS, The somatic NS, Sympathetic NS, parasympathetic, NS

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9
Q

Nervous tissue

A
  1. Neurons - responsible for transmission of nerve impulses from one neuron to another via a synapse
  2. Neuroglial cells - connective tissue supports the neuron (structurally, by offering essential nutrients, by creating myelin sheaths, by destroying pathogens)
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10
Q

what is a Schwann cell

A

its a neuroglial cell

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11
Q

Node of ranvier

A

between the schwann cells

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12
Q

dendrites and cell body

A

cell body - contains the nucleus, mitochondria and organelles

Dendrites - are extensions that branch from one end of the cell body. They recieve information from other neurons and send impulses towards the cell body

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13
Q

Axon

A

the axon is a cable like projection located on the opposite end of the cell body from the dendrite. The axon carries the impulses away from the cell body and towards the next neuron in the chain

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14
Q

Nerve endings / Axon terminals

A

neuron may connect to
- another neuron (synapse)
- or to a muscle (neuromuscular junction )

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15
Q

Neurons can be myelinated or non myelinated

A

Myelin is a fatty substance that is produced by schwann cells and forms a sheath round myelinated neurons

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16
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps in between areas of myleination are called nodes of ranvier

the transmission of nerve impulses is more rapid in a myelinated neuron as the impulses jump from node to node

17
Q

3 types of neuron

A
  1. sensory
  2. motor
  3. interneurons
18
Q

Sensory Neurons (afferent)

A

afferent means ( moving towards)

these neurons respond to sensory stimuli detected by the sensory receptor endings

they pass the impulses towards the spinal cord and brain CNS

19
Q

Motor Neurons ( efferent)

A

Efferent means moving away

transmits impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector organs and triggering responses from these organs (muscle contraction or release of the glands product)

20
Q

Interneurons or intercalated neuron

A

also called association or relay neurons

connect neurons to other neurons

lie between a sensory and motor neuron

21
Q

Neuroglial cells

A

support neurons in several ways, including physically holding them in place and supplying them with nutrients

protect neurons from pathogens and remove dead neurons

certain types of glial cells produce myelin

22
Q

A Nerve

A

a nerve is a bundle of neurons

An individual axon plus its myelin sheath is called a nerve fibre

Nerves provide a common pathway for the electrochemical nerve impulses

23
Q

Nerve fibres can be of three types

A

Motor - which send impulses away from the CNS

Sensory - which send impulses towards the CNS

Mixed - carry both sensory and, motor fibres

24
Q

Visceral sensory and motor nerves

A

associated with organs and body systems - involuntary control

24
Q

Somatic sensory and motor nerves

A

Associated with the somatic structures (muscles, joints, tendons). Voluntary control

24
Q

Nerve impulse conduction

A

at the end of the neuron there is a gap before the next cell

if the next cell is another neuron, the gap is known as a synapse

if the next cell is a muscle cell, the gap is known as a neuromuscular junction

the neuron before the synapse is known as the presynaptic neuron, the neuron after the synapse is postsynaptic

25
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Travel between neurons at the synaptic cleft (gap between neurons)

  • Acetylcholine
  • Adrenaline
  • dopamine
  • serotonin
26
Q

Impulse conduction simplified

A
  1. calcium - gated channels open
  2. calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal and cause the release of a chemical called a neurotransmitter
  3. the neurotransmitter diffuses across the synapse to the next cell
  4. this stimulates sodium channels to open in the postsynaptic membrane
27
Q

nerve impulses

A

nerve impulses are electrical in nature

depolarisation - generation of electrical impulse

repolarisation - recharging

Nerve impulses are an ‘ all or nothing’ phenomenon. The nerve is either stimulated (depolarised) or not

28
Q

Nerve impulses (polarised)

A

NB - electrolytes carry a charge

we could refer to this state as polarised - meaning big difference

29
Q

depolarization of a neuron

A
  • sodium channel opens on neuron cell membrane
  • sodium ions flow into cell by passive diffusion
  • increase in sodium leads to a positive electrical charfe
30
Q

repolarization of a neuron

A
  • sodium channels close
  • k+ channels open
  • k+ diffuses out of the cell
  • resting state restored

as repolarization ends, sodium - potassium pump moves sodium and potassium ions back to their original sides

31
Q

Cranial nerves

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves that emerge directly from the brain and brain stem

cranial nerves are referred to in roman numerals

exit the skull via foramen

each pair is dedicated to particular functions

32
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

some have a sensory fucntion -
bring info from the sense organs to the brain

others have a motor function -
control muscle, tissue and organ activity

some have mixed sensory and motor functions

Anatomy physiology (14 decks)

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