Thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands

Question 1

Where is the thyroid gland

Answer 1

Below larynx on anterior and lateral surface of trachea

Question 2

What hormones does the thyroid secrete

Answer 2

Thyroid hormone

Calcitonin (Not often secreted in humans)

Question 3

Describe the structure of the thyroid gland

Answer 3

Follicles (sacs) are surrounded by follicular cells that synthesise thyroglobulin (TGB). Clear cells are clustered between follicles and make calcitonin.

Question 4

How is Thyroid hormone synthesised

Answer 4

Iodine enters follicle cells from blood and reacts with TGB. Thyroid hormones detach from iodised TGB as required and produce two types of thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)

Question 5

What are the two types of Thyroid hormone

Answer 5

T3 - active form

T4 - Stored. Has an extra iodine on and can cut off when needed

Question 6

What kind of hormone is thyroid hormone

Answer 6

Lipid-soluble hormone (Know how it activated target cell)

Question 7

What is Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Answer 7

Body’s rate of energy expenditure under specific conditions; Awake, physical and mental rest, comfortable temp, fasted.

Question 8

Describe the 3 main things thyroid hormone is required for normal

Answer 8

Growth
Alertness
Metabolism

Question 9

How does thyroid hormone effect metabolism

Answer 9

Increases body heat (oxygen consumption and ATP hydrolysis)
Stimulates fatty acid oxidation(uses stored fat)
Increases proteolysis
Stimulates carbohydrate metabolism (usage of stored glucose)

Question 10

Where do we loose calcium

Answer 10

Faecal loss (digestive tact during absorption)
Urinary loss (kidneys through filtration)
Deposition by osteoblasts (bones)

Question 11

How is calcium homeostasis maintained

Answer 11

Body’s major store of Calcium is in the bones. Constant build up and breakdown of bones.

Question 12

What 3 hormones are involved in calcium regulation

Answer 12

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Calcitriol
Calcitonin

Question 13

Where are the parathyroid glands and what do they secrete

Answer 13

4 structures on the thyroid that produce PTH

Question 14

What are the 2 areas of the adrenal glands and their functions

Answer 14

Adrenal cortex - Outer layer- aldosterone. Middle layer- cortisol. Inner layer- Androgens
Adrenal medulla - Adrenaline

Question 15

Where are the adrenal glands located

Answer 15

On top of (superior to) the kidneys

Question 16

What is the relationship between noradrenaline and adrenaline

Answer 16

Noradrenaline is a part of the sympathetic nervous system

An increase in Adrenaline supplements actions in nervous system

Question 17

What type of hormone is adrenaline

Answer 17

Water-soluble hormone (know what that means)

Question 18

What does adrenaline secretion do

Answer 18

Makes fuel more readily available for cells
Increases breakdown of glycogen to glucose in muscles and liver
Increases breakdown of fat to fatty acids