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HUBS 191 > Immune cells in the blood > Flashcards

Immune cells in the blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood composed of

A 
Plasma (55%)
Formed elements (45%)
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2
Q

What is plasma composed of

A

Protein (antibodies/immunoglobulin)
Other solvents
Water

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3
Q

What are formed elements in the blood

A

Platelets
White blood cells (leukocytes)
Red blood cells

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4
Q

Where/how are blood cells made

A

In bone marrow - Stem cells turn to blood cell through haematopoiesis

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5
Q

What types of blood cells does the bone marrow make

A

Erythroid cells (erythrocytes) to red blood cells
Myeloid to innate immune cells (granulocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells, platelets)
Lymphoid to adaptive immune cells (B and T lymphocytes)

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6
Q

What are the types of white blood cells

A

Innate and adaptive immune cells

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7
Q

What are the two main types of granulocytes in the blood

A

Neutrophils and mast cells

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8
Q

Describe function of Neutrophils

A

(Granulocyte). Highly phagocytic. Circulates in blood, moves to tissue during inflammation. Will increase numbers during infection

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9
Q

Describe function of mast cells

A

Line mucosal surface. releases granules (stored, preformed chemicals) that will degranulate and attract white blood cells to areas of damaged tissue.

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10
Q

Describe features monocytes

A

When in blood low phagocytosis. When leave blood develop into macrophages in tissues and have high phagocytosis

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11
Q

Where do monocytes develop into macrophages

A

In tissue - like liver and spleen.

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12
Q

Are macrophages resident or migratory

A

Can be both

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13
Q

What are 3 important functions of macrophages

A

Phagocytosis
Release of chemical messengers (communicates with other cells - cytokines)
Shows information about pathogens to T cells (Links innate and adaptive arms)

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14
Q

What are dendritic cells

A

Most important cell type to help trigger adaptive immune responses.

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15
Q

Where are dendritic cells found

A

In low numbers in blood and all tissues in contact with the environment

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16
Q

What is an important function of the lymph nodes

A

Lymph in tissues collects into lymphatic vessels which drain into lymph nodes. This is where interaction and chemical communication occurs in immune response (between adaptive and innate)

17
Q

What does PAMP stand for

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

18
Q

What is the basic structure of viruses

A

Envelope
nucleocapsid
Nucleic acid

19
Q

What is the basic structure of bacterium

A 
Capsule
Cell wall
Membrane 
Nucleic acid
Flagella (sometimes)
20
Q

What is the common building block of viruses

A

Nucleic acid - ssRNA and dsRNA

21
Q

What are the common building blocks of bacterium

A

Cell wall - Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)/endotoxins, lipoteichoic acid
Flagella - Flagellin
Nucleic acid - unmethylated CpG DNA

22
Q

What do Pathogens do when they enter cells

A

Shed all layers but the nucleic acid so they can reproduce

23
Q

How do cells recognise Pathogens

A

Pattern recognition receptors (PRR). Toll-like receptors

24
Q

Where are PRR located in cells

A

On the surface (in membrane)

Inside cell

25
Q

How do PRR’s work

A

specific building block bonds to receptors, which send a signal to nucleus to upregulate gene transcription. To synthesise proteins to fight infection.

26
Q

What is the difference between the receptors inside and outside the cell

A

Inside cell - Receptors are on phagolysosomes.

27
Q

What causes a fever

A

resetting of your body’s thermostat.

28
Q

Why do you get shivers when you have a fever

A

The Hypothalamus is signalled for body to be warmer (IL-1). This makes you feel cold because you think you need to be warmer even when you have a temperature.

29
Q

When are pyrogens used

A

During fever

30
Q

What are pyrogens

A

Chemical messenger released by cells of immune system

31
Q

How/when is pyrogen produced

A

After phagocytes ingest bacteria. Produces chemical messenger and pyrogen interleukin-1 (IL-1)

32
Q

What increases IL-1 production

A

The more phagocytic a cell is the more IL-1 it will produce.

33
Q

Why can fever be useful

A

Increased temp can inhibit some microbes from growing. And can improve the immune systems ability to fight infection.

34
Q

How does a fever stop

A

The less phagocytosis occurs the less IL-1 is produced. This will lower your temperature.

HUBS 191 (28 decks)

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