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HUBS 191 > Intro to immune system > Flashcards

Intro to immune system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the immune system composed of

A

Organs (spleen etc)
Cells (T cells etc)
Molecules (antibodies etc)

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2
Q

Define the immune system

A

An organised system of organs, cells and molecules that interact and work together to protect the body from disease

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3
Q

What infectious diseases are affected by immune response

A 
HIV/AIDS 
Tuberculosis
Influenza
Malaria
SARS - CoV-2
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4
Q

What inflammatory diseases are affected by immune response

A 
Arthritis (rheumatism)
Allergy/Asthma
Lupus
Diabetes
Crohn's disease
Multiple sclerosis
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5
Q

What are the 4 types of microbes

A

Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa

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6
Q

Are all microbes pathogens (disease causing)

A

No, only a fairly small amount are

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7
Q

How is the immune system linked

A

By lymphatic system

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8
Q

What are the two types of lymphoid organs

A

Primary - Production of white blood cells

Secondary - Initiation of immune response

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9
Q

Describe primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone marrow - source of stem cells (pluripotent) that develop into cells
Thymus - ‘School’ for white blood cells (T-cells) to learn not to react to themselves

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10
Q

Describe secondary lymphoid organs

A

Spleen - site of initiation for immune responses of blood-borne pathogens
Lymph nodes - Filters and drains lymphatic fluid from tissue and blood

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11
Q

What are the immune systems 3 layers of defence

A

1 - Chemical and physical barriers. Stops from getting inside
2 - Innate ‘arm’. (Acts very quickly)
3 - Adaptive ‘arm’. (T-cells, B-cells. Make antibodies and remembers)

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12
Q

What is our physical barrier

A

Our skin

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13
Q

What are the 3 layers of our skin

A

Epidermis
Dendritic cell layer
Dermis

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14
Q

Describe the epidermis layer of skin

A

Made up of dead skins cells, keratin and phagocytic immune cells. Tightly packed, constantly renewed

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15
Q

Describe the dermis layer of skin

A

Tick layer of connective tissue, blood vessels, phagocytic immune cells

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16
Q

Describe dendritic cells

A

Immune cells. between Epidermis and dermis. Link the two arms of immune system together

17
Q

What is the benefit of the epidermis constantly renewing

A

It helps to get rid of any microbes on the surface of the skin.

18
Q

What are our chemical defences

A

Antimicrobial peptides (defensins)
Enzymes - Lysosomes
Sebum
Salt

19
Q

Where is sebum produced and why is it an effective microbial defence

A

produced in hair follicles. Has a low pH (very acid). A condition that microbes can’t survive in

20
Q

Why is salt effective and where is it used

A

It is hypotonic and ruptures microbes. Sweat glands.

21
Q

How do antimicrobial peptides work

A

Forms pores in microbe cell membranes, causes it to leak nutrients and die

22
Q

Where are our mucosal membranes

A

Areas exposed to air. In respiratory, urinary, genital, gastrointestinal, ocular.

23
Q

What are the layers of the mucosal membrane

A 
Mucus layer (protects surface)
Epithelium
24
Q

Describe epithelium layer of mucosal membrane

A

Tightly packed live cells, constantly renewed. Contains mucus-producing goblet cells

25
Q

What is the mucociliary escalator

A

Cilia line epithelium and beat in tandem to to move mucus out (In lungs moves to the pharynx, in uterine tubes)

26
Q

What are the chemical defences of the mucosal layer

A

Stomach - Low pH (acidic)
Gall bladder - bile
Intestine - digestive enzymes
Mucus, defensins, Lysosomes (tears, urine)

27
Q

What does the innate ‘arm’ contain

A

Surface barriers

Internal defences

28
Q

What are the internal defences of the innate arm

A

Phagocytosis, natural killer cells, inflammation, antimicrobial proteins, fever

29
Q

What are natural killer cells

A

Kill infected cells

30
Q

What are the defences of the adaptive arm

A

Humoral immunity - B cells

Cellular immunity - T cells

31
Q

What are characteristics of innate arm

A

Already in place, Rapid, fixed, limited specificities, no specific memory

32
Q

What are characteristics of the adaptive arm

A

Improves during the response, slow, variable, highly specific, long term specific memory

33
Q

What is meant by fixed and limited specificities

A

Will react to all microbes in the same way. Detects molecular components shared by many pathogens.

34
Q

What is the importance of memory in immune cells

A

Long term specific memory means the cells remember specific pathogens and how to fight them off.

HUBS 191 (28 decks)

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