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Endocrinology > Thyroid and Parathyroid > Flashcards

Thyroid and Parathyroid Flashcards

1
Q

two cell types of the thyroid

A
  1. follicular cells
  2. Parafollicular cells, or C
    cells
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2
Q

what type of hormones are thyroid hormones

A

monoamines but act like steroid

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3
Q

thyroid hormones are derived from

A

tyrosine

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4
Q

What causes thyroid hormones to act like steroids?

A

Iodine

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5
Q

synthesized by follicular cells and stored in the colloid

A

thyroglobulin (this is the first step of thyroid hormone synthesis)

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6
Q

a large glycoprotein containing many
tyrosine molecules

A

thyroglobulin

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7
Q

active transport
of iodine from blood via sodium-iodide symport (NIS) pump (needed to go against the iodine gradient - more iodine in follicular cells than in blood)

A

Iodine Trapping (2nd step of thyroid hormone synthesis)

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8
Q

iodine binds to thyroglobulin and gets
attached to tyrosine by thyroid peroxidase

A

Iodination of tyrosine (3rd step of thyroid hormone synthesis)

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9
Q

T1 and T2 are coupled to make T3 and T4

A

coupling reaction (4th step of thyroid hormone synthesis)

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10
Q

adds the iodine to tyrosine to make T3 and T4

A

thyroid peroxidase

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11
Q

thyroglobulin is digested, freeing T3 and T4

A

lysosome digestion

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12
Q

the biologically active thyroid hormone

A

T3

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13
Q

the most secreted thyroid hormone

A

T4

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14
Q

enzymes remove iodine to convert T4 to T3 
plays a major role in regulating intracellular T3 levels in a tissue-specific manner

A

deiodinase

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15
Q

the primary trigger of thyroid hormone release

A

cold exposure

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16
Q

The primary carrier protein for thyroid hormones

A

Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)

17
Q

How are steroid and thyroid hormone signaling different?

A
  1. Thyroid hormones
    can’t diffuse across
    cell membranes
  2. Receptors aren’t regulated by heat shock proteins (HSP); receptor is already bound to
    hormone response element (HRE)
  3. Thyroid hormones
    form heterodimers
18
Q

decreased tolerance to cold is linked with

A

hypothyroidism

19
Q

excessive heat production and sweating are seen in

A

hyperthyroidism

20
Q

autoimmune disorder; your antibodies attack cells in thyroid (if
untreated leads to myxedema & coma)

A

Hashimoto’s disease

21
Q

immune disorder in which
your body makes an antibody
that mimics TSH

A

Graves disease

22
Q

was a common
cause of goiters (thyroid enlarges as it
tries to capture all the iodine it can)

A

Dietary iodine deficiency

23
Q

congenital (condition at birth), often due to low
maternal thyroid hormone or dietary deficiency

  • impaired growth
  • slow movement
  • poor thermoregulation
  • intellectual disabilities
A

Cretinism

24
Q

3 calciotropic hormones that regulate calcium balance

A
  1. parathyroid hormone (PTH)- primary regulator. produced in parathyroid gland
  2. Vitamin D- absorbs calcium from the intestines
  3. Calcitonin- produced in thyroid gland
25
Q

principal cell type
arranged in clusters; produces hormone

A

chief cells

26
Q

Main hormone of the parathyroid

A

parathyroid hormone

27
Q

parathyroid hormone affect on calcium

A

Increases calcium concentration by acting on bone, kidney, and
intestine

  • Increases osteoclast activity (release of calcium stored
    in bone)
  • Decreases osteoblast activity
28
Q

cause formation of bone and stores calcium

A

osteoblasts

29
Q

resorb, or break down, bone and releases calcium

A

osteoclasts

30
Q

stimulates PTH secretion.

A

Low concentrations of calcium

31
Q

inhibits PTH secretion

A

High concentrations of calcium

32
Q

result of hypoparathyroidism

A

tetany and seizures

33
Q

result of hyperparathyroidism

A

kidney stones and osteoporosis

34
Q

Protects Against Excessive
Bone Resorption

A

calcitonin

35
Q

stimulates calcitonin secretion

A

High concentrations of calcium

36
Q

what does calcitonin do

A
  1. acts to lower blood calcium
  2. inhibits osteoclasts
37
Q
A

Endocrinology (10 decks)

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