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Endocrinology > Female Reproduction > Flashcards

Female Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Two principal functions:
* egg production
* steroid synthesis

A

ovaries

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2
Q

first occurrence of
menstruation

A

Menarche

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3
Q

functional unit of the ovary is the

A

ovarian follicle

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4
Q

Each contains an oocyte

A

ovarian follicle

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5
Q

Consist of an oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flattened granulosa cells

A

Primordial Follicles

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6
Q

largest population of follicles; do not have receptors for LH or FSH (regulated by paracrine factors)

A

Primordial Follicles

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7
Q

LH and FSH not
necessary (regulated by paracrine factors;
sensitive to AMH)

A

Growing (pre-antral) follicles

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8
Q

produced by the small preantral follicles and exerts a paracrine effect that prevents premature FSH-mediated follicular growth

A

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)

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9
Q

sequence of follicular
growth, ovulation, and subsequent formation/degeneration of the corpus
luteum; repeated every ~28 days

A

ovarian cycle

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10
Q

rapid growth of
follicles; lasts ~14 days

A

Follicular Phase

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11
Q

dominated by the
corpus luteum; lasts ~14 days

A

Luteal Phase

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12
Q

Starts with a steady increase in FSH
and, to a lesser extent, LH

A

early Follicular phase

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13
Q

FSH stimulates maturation of follicles

A

Early follicular phase

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14
Q

Maturing follicles secrete inhibin B
and estrogen:
* Stimulates endometrial lining
* Performs negative feedback

A

early follicular phase

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15
Q

FSH and LH decline due to negative feedback

A

early follicular phase

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16
Q

start to develop theca cells with LH receptors and granulosa cells with FSH receptors;

begin secreting Inhibin B and estrogen to initiate decline in FSH

A

Small antral follicles

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17
Q

any follicles that haven’t
developed LH receptors undergo atresia during
FSH decline

A

Large antral follicles

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18
Q

has LH receptors on granulosa cells; can survive low FSH concentrations

A

Dominant follicle (to be ovulated)

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19
Q

Sensitivity to FSH begins at the early

A

antral stage

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20
Q

Follicles grow rapidly in response to FSH, mainly due to an increase in follicular fluid, as well as:

Oocyte grows

  • Granulosa cells proliferate and secrete a mucoid
    substance (zona pellucida) around oocyte
  • Theca cells appear which express increasing
    amounts of LH receptors as the follicle matures
A

Antral Follicle Development

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21
Q

have FSH receptors and secrete inhibin B (same role as in males) and estrogen. Granulosa cells in antral follicles are the
only cells with receptors for FSH

A

Granulosa cells

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22
Q

have LH receptors and produce testosterone

A

Thecal cells

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23
Q

depends on interactions between FSH, LH, and
the two cell types (theca and granulosa)

A

Follicular synthesis of estrogen

24
Q

Neither granulosa nor theca cells express the full complement of enzymes needed for estrogen synthesis

A

Two-Cell, Two-Gonadotropin hypothesis

25
Q

why the 2 cell 2 gonadotropin hypothesis is needed

A

Theca cells can get cholesterol, but
lack aromatase

Granulosa cells have aromatase so they can make estrogens, but are
limited in their capacity to get cholesterol

26
Q

secreted by the
developing follicle
increases the thickness
of the endometrium
(lining of the uterus)

A

Estradiol

27
Q

Is part of a negative feedback loop that tells the hypothalamus to stop making GnRH and also tells the anterior pituitary to stop making FSH and LH DURING THE FOLLICULAR PHASE

A

estradiol

28
Q

1) Estrogen continues to rise and, at high levels, has a positive feedback
effect on LH (and FSH to a lesser extent)

A

Ovulation

29
Q

triggers ovulation of the
most mature (dominant) follicle

A

LH surge

30
Q

release of oocyte

A

Ovulation

31
Q

path to ovulation

A

high estrogen -> LH surge -> ovulation

32
Q

MIDCYCLE this hormone stimulates GnRH production as well as FSH and LH production

A

estradiol

33
Q

a region within the
hypothalamus. Larger in females than in males. Regulates ovulatory
cycles

A

Anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV)

34
Q

Fallopian tube scrapes off
oocyte from ovary

A

ovulation

35
Q

what does the corpus luteum secrete

A

progesterone and estrogen

36
Q

stimulates endometrial growth

A

progesterone

37
Q

Inhibits another LH surge

A

estrogen

38
Q

remains of an ovarian follicle that has released a mature oocyte

A

Corpus luteum

39
Q

process by which
granulosa and thecal cell are converted to
luteal cells

A

Luteinization

40
Q

Main functions involve menstruation and pregnancy, but also affects cognition, blood pressure, nerve function, etc. in men and women

A

progesterone

41
Q

causes the
endometrial lining to
differentiate and become
secretory (produces
substances to support
implantation of egg)

A

progesterone

42
Q

Negative feedback
inhibits further estrogen-
induced LH surges during
luteal phase

A

progesterone

43
Q

Corpus luteum has a finite life span and will slowly degrade (becomes
corpus albicans)

A

Later Luteal Phase

44
Q

basically a scar on the surface of the ovary
that is a remnant of ovulation. It has no endocrine function

A

Corpus albicans

45
Q

After the corpus luteum
loses its ability to produce
estradiol and progesterone,
the endometrial layer
degenerates and is
accompanied by bleeding

A

Menstruation

46
Q
  • High testosterone levels
  • Menstrual cycle irregularities
  • Cysts on ovaries
  • When ovulation doesn’t occur, follicles can develop into cysts.
  • Hair development on face
A

PCOS

47
Q

increasingly
infrequent cycles

A

perimenopause

48
Q

amenorrhea (no
menstruation) for a year; marks the end of your menstrual cycles (~45-55
yrs old)

A

menopause

49
Q

Ovarian reserve is depleted, and the ovarian cycle stops, resulting in:

  • Low estradiol and progesterone levels but high FSH and LH

Low estradiol results in fluctuations in body temperature (hot flashes) and a
higher risk of heart disease and bone loss (osteoporosis)

A

menopause

50
Q

Other sources of estrogen:

brain, adrenals, and adipose tissue

A

Post-menopausal sources of estrogens

51
Q

becomes the dominant form of estrogen after
menopause. It is principally derived by the conversion of adrenal androgens in adipose tissue

A

Estrone

52
Q

FSH and LH are suppressed by negative feedback, preventing follicle maturation and ovulation

A

Female Birth Control

53
Q

Placebos trigger withdrawal bleeding (fake menstruation)

  • Not necessary but is piece of mind you’re not pregnant
A

Female birth control

54
Q

mimics the luteal phase

A

female birth control

55
Q
A

Endocrinology (10 decks)

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