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Endocrinology > Adrenals > Flashcards

Adrenals Flashcards

1
Q

bilateral structures
situated above the
kidneys

A

adrenal glands

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2
Q

makes up more than
¾ of the adrenal mass

A

the cortex (outer region) of the adrenal glands

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3
Q

inner region of the adrenal glands

A

medulla

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4
Q

The cortex is divided into 3 zones:

A
  • Zona Reticularis
  • Zona Fasciculata
  • Zona Glomerulosa
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5
Q

is a specialized tissue that carries out hormone-activity and regresses shortly after birth

A

fetal zone

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6
Q

two zones of fetal cortex

A

fetal zone (80% of mass)

definitive zone

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7
Q

Blood flows from

A

the adrenal cortex into the medulla

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8
Q

have one of
the highest rates of blood flow in the body

A

adrenal glands

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9
Q

are steroidogenic, meaning they secrete steroid hormones

A

Adrenal cortical cells

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10
Q

salt/water balance and blood pressure

A

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

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11
Q

sugar and energy metabolism

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol; corticosterone)

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12
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

Sex steroids (DHEA, androstendione)

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13
Q

Rate-limiting
step in steroid
biosynthesis

A

STAR
and P450scc in the breakdown of cholesterol

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14
Q

The specific
hormone made
depends on

A

the enzymes present in the cell

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15
Q

A major function of the adrenal gland is to

A

respond to stress

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16
Q

energy mobilization

produced in the medulla

A

Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)

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17
Q

an event that threatens homeostasis and triggers allostatic responses

A

stress

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18
Q

maintenance of
stable, constant bodily
conditions within an optimal range to sustain life.

A

homeostasis

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19
Q

process of achieving homeostasis. Adrenal hormones are one of the primary mediators.

A

allostasis

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20
Q

short term, relatively easy to recover from.

A

acute stressors

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21
Q

long term; recovery not complete. Body may “adapt” with a new set point.

A

chronic stressors

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22
Q

The process your body goes through when you are exposed to any kind of stress, positive or negative. It has three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

A

general adaptation syndrome

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23
Q

steps of general adaptation syndrome

A
  1. alarm - acute stressor is identified and and body is in a state of alarm. starts to produce fight or flight response
  2. resistance - body begins to cope if stressor persists.
  3. exhaustion - if resources are depleted and the body is unable to maintain normal function
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24
Q

Glucocorticoids are regulated by the

A

HPA axis

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25
Q

Catecholamines are regulated by the

A

sympathetic nervous system

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26
Q

what classification are cortisol and corticosterone

A

glucocorticoids

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27
Q

what classification are epinephrine and adrenaline

A

catecholamines

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28
Q

what is responsible for the fight or flight response

A

Catecholamines and the sympathetic nervous system

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29
Q

responsible for rest and digestion

A

parasympathetic system

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30
Q

are modified
neurons that lack
dendrites and axons
stress

A

Chromaffin cells

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31
Q

Gaq coupled receptor that stimulates IP3/calcium
Higher affinity for norepinephrine

A

Alpha Adrenergic Receptors

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32
Q

Stimulates smooth muscle contraction (constricts blood flow, pupils dilate, Pyloric sphincter in stomach
constricts to reduce digestion)

A

Alpha Adrenergic Receptors

33
Q

Gas coupled receptor that stimulates cAMP
Higher affinity for epinephrine (has an E)

A

Beta Adrenergic Receptors

34
Q

Stimulates smooth muscle relaxation in the lungs, blood flow, and GI tract

A

Beta Adrenergic Receptors

35
Q

beta receptor agonist

A

EpiPen (epinephrine)

36
Q

instantaneous,
involves catecholamines

A

Sympathetic nervous
system

37
Q

slower,
involves glucocorticoids

A

HPA axis

38
Q

are the primary glucocorticoids, and their
main function is to mobilize energy

A

Cortisol and corticosterone

39
Q

is the primary regulator of glucocorticoid release

A

HPA axis

40
Q

primary glucocorticoid in
most mammals, including humans, and fish

A

cortisol

41
Q

primary glucocorticoid in rodents, birds, reptiles, and amphibians

A

Corticosterone

42
Q

Cortisol circulates in the blood bound to carrier proteins, mainly

A

corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG, also known as transcortin)

43
Q

don’t create stress or prepare you for it; they help you recover from stress

A

Glucocorticoids

44
Q

Enhance Memory Consolidation

A

Glucocorticoids

45
Q

Excessive secretion of glucocorticoids (typically due to adrenal tumor or
glucocorticoid medications)

Symptoms:
* Visceral fat gain
* High blood sugar
(develop diabetes)

A

Cushing’s Syndrome

46
Q

Deficient in glucocorticoid secretion (due to injury to adrenal tissue)

  • Excessive ACTH (no negative feedback)
    to Hyperpigmentation
  • Low blood sugar
  • Weight loss
A

Addison’s Disease

47
Q

zona glomerulosa tissue produces

A

Mineralcorticoids

48
Q

zona fasciculata tissue produces

A

Glucocorticoids

49
Q

zona reticularis tissue produces

A

sex steroids

50
Q

A major function of the
adrenal gland is to

A

regulate salt and water balance

51
Q

depends on the maintenance of water-sodium balance

A

blood pressure

52
Q

the primary mineralcorticoid

A

Aldosterone

53
Q
  • Increases sodium reabsorption
  • Increases potassium excretion
A

aldosterone

54
Q

Specificity is achieved in aldosterone-responsive cells by having

A

11βHSD2

55
Q

Principle regulators of aldosterone production

A
  • Angiotensin II (Renin–Angiotensin system)
  • High potassium levels (Hyperkalemia)
56
Q

A renal (kidney) mechanism that governs
blood pressure (BP) homeostasis, as well
as fluid and salt balance

A

Renin-Angiotensin System

57
Q

3 hormones collaborate to regulate BP:

A

Aldosterone, ADH, and Angiotensin II

58
Q

Liver constitutively
releases Angiotensinogen

A

Step 1 of the Renin-Angiotensin system

59
Q

Kidney detects a drop in
blood pressure and
secretes renin (an enzyme)

A

Step 2 of the Renin-Angiotensin system

60
Q

secreted by juxtaglomerular cells in response to:
* Low BP detected by baroreceptors in arterioles
* Stimulation of beta adrenergic receptors
* Low sodium levels detected by macula densa cel

A

renin

61
Q

Renin and Angiotensin-
converting enzyme (ACE) catalyze the creation of Angiotensin II

A

Step 3 of the Renin-Angiotensin system

62
Q

Angiotensin II does the following:

A
  • Constricts blood vessels
  • ADH secretion
  • Aldosterone secretion
63
Q

ADH is secreted by the
posterior pituitary and
stimulates the kidneys to
reabsorb water

A

Step 4 of the Renin-Angiotensin system

64
Q

ADH increases water reabsorption by
inserting

A

aquaporins

65
Q

Aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal gland and
stimulates the kidney to
reabsorb sodium

A

step 5 of the renin-angiotensin system

66
Q

High blood pressure is the
negative feedback signal
that regulates this system

A

step 6 of the renin-angiotensin system

67
Q

stimulates potassium
secretion in response to high potassium (hyperkalemia)

A

aldosterone

68
Q

directly monitored by
adrenal glomerulosa cells

A

potassium levels

69
Q

are the primary steroids,
and their main function is to regulate development of secondary sex
characteristics

A

androgens

70
Q

Caused by a genetic mutation in an enzyme
needed to make one or more of the adrenal
hormones – usually detected in infancy

A

Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

71
Q

Results in the overproduction of hormone precursors to compensate

A

Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

72
Q

what is responsible for 95% of Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

A

A 21-hydroxylase (CYP21A2) deficiency

73
Q

Effects of Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

A
  • Can’t make glucocorticoids or aldosterone
  • Overproduce sex steroids
74
Q

symptoms of CAH

A

Simple-virilizing symptoms (early puberty for male and female. normal genitalia for males, enlarged clit for females)

Can’t retain salt or water leads to excessive dehydration and low blood pressure

75
Q

CYP21A2 function

A

Mutation causes CAH

76
Q

11βHSD2 function

A

Inactivates cortisol, allowing mineralcorticoid receptor specificity

77
Q

CYP11B2

A

Helped animals balance water and transition to land

78
Q

STAR & p450scc function

A

Rate-limiting steps in steroidogenesis

Endocrinology (5 decks)

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