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Endocrinology > Sex differentiation > Flashcards

Sex differentiation Flashcards

1
Q

XX genes

A

female

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2
Q

XY genes

A

Male

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3
Q

on Y chromosome, turns
on testis-specific genes

A

SRY gene

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4
Q

Regardless of its chromosomal makeup, the early embryo is blank, it has the potential to form either testes or ovaries

A

bipotential (gonadal sex)

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5
Q

Which cells produce testosterone?

A

Leydig

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6
Q

Which cells produce produce Anti-
Müllerian Hormone

A

sertoli cells

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7
Q

sex organ that produces hormones

A

testes

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8
Q

fairly inactive; don’t
produce significant amounts of
hormones until puberty.

A

ovaries

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9
Q

How many surges of testosterone are there for babies, when do they happen and what do they affect.

A

2 surges.

first one is around 16 weeks after conception and influences reproductive morphology

second surge is around 8 weeks after birth and this affects the brain and reproductive behaviors

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10
Q

What stimulates the secretion of testosterone during the first trimester of gestation

A

human chorionic
gonadotropin (hCG)

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11
Q

produced by the placenta to maintain the pregnancy and stimulate steroidogenesis before the HPG axis is active

A

human chorionic
gonadotropin (hCG)

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12
Q

Once the gonad has differentiated, differences in hormone
secretions direct morphological changes – starting with the

A

internal duct system

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13
Q

With no hormones, the Müllerian ducts develop and the Wolffian ducts
undergo programmed cell death leading to the creation of

A

ovaries

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14
Q

develop into the fallopian tubes, uterus, and cervix.

A

Müllerian ducts

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15
Q

Leydig cells produce testosterone that binds to
androgen receptors and prevents regression of the
Wolffian duct - this becomes the

A

as deferens and
seminal vesicles.

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16
Q

Sertoli cells produce Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH)
which causes the Müllerian duct to

A

regress

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17
Q

Founder of modern fetal endocrinology

A

Alfred Jost

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18
Q

used fetal rabbits at an early, ambivalent stage to explore the role of
hormones in sexual differentiation

A

Alfred Jost

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19
Q

differentiates into
the glans of the penis

A

genital tubercle

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20
Q

Develops into the scrotum

A

abioscrotal swellings

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21
Q

Testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the
enzyme

A

5α-reductase

22
Q

a more potent androgen - it binds to the androgen receptor with a much
stronger affinity

A

DHT

23
Q

responsible for External Morphological Sex

A

DHT

24
Q

Internal morphology is dependent on

A

testosterone

25
Q

External genitalia requires

A

DHT

26
Q

Mutation in AMH gene

Develop both Wolffian and Müllerian
ducts

XY individual with stereotypical male
genitalia, but they also have fallopian
tubes and a uterus

A

Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome

27
Q

Can’t convert testosterone into DHT

XY individual with testes and external
female genitalia…until puberty

A

5α-reductase deficiency

28
Q

the most prevalent cause of intersex among
people with XX chromosomes

Adrenal glands lack CYP21A2 and do not make
cortisol or aldosterone, instead overproducing
androgens

XX individuals with ambiguous genitalia

A

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

29
Q

the most prevalent cause
of intersex among people with XY
chromosomes

Testosterone is produced but they can’t
respond to it (lack functional androgen
receptors)

A

Androgen Insufficiency
Syndrome (AIS)

30
Q

Have rudimentary (undescended/internal)
testes, but develop female external anatomy

Testosterone is converted to estrogen

A

Androgen Insufficiency
Syndrome (AIS)

31
Q

Are most behaviors sex specific?

A

no

32
Q

Sex differences in the brain are not uniformly different in any one individual

A

The Mosaic Brain

33
Q

Your blank continually shapes your brain

A

environment

34
Q

a region within the hypothalamus. It’s the best characterized sex difference in the mammalian brain (although this difference diminishes with age)

A

Sexually-dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA)

35
Q

a region within the
hypothalamus. Larger in females than in males. Regulates ovulatory
cycles.

A

Anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV)

36
Q

When does the brain develop in reference to the gonads

A

The brain develops after the gonads

37
Q

organizes the brain during critical sensitive periods, and activates it at puberty and throughout adulthood

A

testosterone

38
Q

long-term and irreversible effects on tissues that occur during critical sensitive windows.

A

Organizational effects

39
Q

short-term and reversible effects that occur in
adulthood (after puberty).

Transient effects of hormones on the
previously organized system.

A

Activational effects

40
Q

First evidence that hormones permanently shape the brain and later behaviors.

It also provided the framework for discriminating two types of actions of gonadal
steroids: organizational and activational.

A

Phoenix et al. 1959
Organizational vs Activational Experiments

41
Q

main finding of Organizational and Activational Effects in Males

A

Early surge of testosterone
shaped (or organized) later behavioral responses activated by testosterone

42
Q

Main finding of Organizational and Activational Effects in Females

A

Testosterone surge at a critical period in brain
development produces a “male” brain, and the absence of that hormone during the critical period produces a “female” brain.

43
Q

organizes’ the SDN-POA

A

testosterone

44
Q

what mascinulizes the brain?

A

estrogen

45
Q

Aromatization Hypothesis:

A

Developmental expression of aromatase in certain brain regions at critical time windows is required for organizational effects of testosterone.

46
Q

Testosterone can be converted to:

A
  • estrogen via aromatase
  • dihydrotestosterone (DHT) via 5α-reductase
47
Q

How does estrogen cause size differences in
these brain regions?

A

In the SDN-POA, estrogen
promotes cell survival but in the nearby AVPV it induces cell death

48
Q

Only testosterone that has been converted to estrogen in the brain
plays a role in sexual differentiation. true or false

A

true

49
Q

High levels of estrogen produced by the mother is prevented from affecting the offspring due to

A

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

50
Q
A

Endocrinology (13 decks)

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