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Endocrinology > GI Tract > Flashcards

GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Functions: chemical & mechanical digestion, absorb nutrients, and excrete unabsorbed material

A

GI Tract

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2
Q

not an endocrine gland, but endocrine cells are dispersed throughout
There are more than 20 distinct endocrine cell types, and they secrete more than 30 peptide hormones

A

GI Tract

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3
Q

General Functions of GI Hormones

A
  • Stimulate secretion of acids and enzymes necessary for digestion
  • Modulate hormone release from the pancreas
  • Act on smooth muscle to move food through GI tract
  • Signal to brain to regulate food intake
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4
Q

pancreatic hormone
that reduces blood glucose

A

insulin

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5
Q

most are peptide hormones

A

GI tract

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6
Q

2 families of GI hormones

A

Gastrin/Cholecystokinin

Secretin

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7
Q

Location: G cells in the stomach

A

Gastrin

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8
Q

Function: stimulates gastric acid (HCl) secretion

A

Gastrin

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9
Q

Gastric distention (food in stomach)

A

triggers secretion of Gastrin

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10
Q

Amino acids (products of protein digestion)

A

triggers secretion of Gastrin

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11
Q

Smell, taste, or thoughts of food (parasympathetic stimulation)

A

triggers of secretion Gastrin

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12
Q

low pH (too acidic)

A

inhibits the secretion of Gastrin

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13
Q

secretin does what to the secretion of Gastrin?

A

inhibits

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14
Q

Location: S cells in duodenum

A

secretin

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15
Q

Function: stimulates bicarbonate &
digestive enzymes from pancreas and
bile from gallbladder

A

Secretin

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16
Q

Secretion is triggered by:
* low pH (high acidity)

A

Secretin

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17
Q

Secretion is inhibited by:
* pH >4.5 Contact of intestinal mucosa
with acidic food

A

secretin

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18
Q

Location: I cells in duodenum

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

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19
Q

Function: augments secretin to further
stimulate release of digestive enzymes
and bile from the pancreas and
gallbladder (digests fat and protein)

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

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20
Q

Secretion is triggered by:
* Food (fats and proteins)

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

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21
Q

Secretion is inhibited by:
* Stops when stimuli is removed (digestive products move on)

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

22
Q

Location: K cells in duodenum

A

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)

23
Q

Function: stimulates insulin secretion from
pancreas (prepares body for incoming
glucose) and inhibits gastric secretions in
non-human animals

A

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)

24
Q

glucose and fat triggers the secretion of this hormone

A

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)

25
Q

secretion is inhibited when the stimuli is removed (digestive products move on)

A

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)

26
Q

The GI hormones
discussed to this
point (GIP, CCK, Secretin, Gastrin) are all secreted
in response to eating
and are associated
with

A

digestion

27
Q

(parasympathetic nervous
system) regulates involuntary processes
like digestion. Here, it conveys muscular distension in the stomach to the brain, triggering a full sensation

A

vagus nerve

28
Q

the two primary hormones that convey
more specific information to the brain to control appetite

A

Leptin and Ghrelin

29
Q

the only peripheral
orexigenic (appetite stimulating) signal thus far known.

A

Ghrelin

30
Q

Location: GI tract (primarily stomach), some
from brain & peripheral neurons

A

Ghrelin

31
Q

Function: increases food intake & stimulates
gastric contraction and emptying (accelerates
movement of food)

A

Ghrelin

32
Q

Regulation: produced by an empty stomach
(increases just before eating) and is suppressed
by eating (fats and carbohydrates)

A

Ghrelin

33
Q

increases food intake

A

Ghrelin

34
Q

decreases food intake

A

Leptin

35
Q

Location: adipose tissue

A

leptin

36
Q

Function: decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure (increases basal metabolic rate)

A

Leptin

37
Q

Regulation: body fat (circulating leptin
correlates with the size of body fat stores)

A

Leptin

38
Q

produce lots of
leptin but the brain stops
acknowledging the signal

A

leptin resistance

39
Q

Increases hunger and slows metabolism even though fat stores are sufficient

One of the main biological
contributors to obesity

A

Leptin resistance

40
Q

Causes of Leptin Resistance

A
  1. Desensitization due to
    chronically high leptin
  2. Obesity causes inflammation:
  • Produce cytokines that interfere with leptin signaling

*Increase C-reactive protein (CRP) from liver
-> binds leptin, preventing it from crossing the
blood-brain barrier

41
Q

Coordinates activity of both the nervous
system and the pituitary, controlling body temperature, thirst, hunger, and other homeostatic systems

A

Hypothalamus

42
Q

“Switchboard”
Receives signals from circulation & regulates the feeding center

A

Arcuate Nucleus of
the Hypothalamus

43
Q

Feeding Center
(hunger sensation)

A

Lateral Hypothalamic
Area

44
Q

inhibits the appetite

A

anorexigenic neurons

45
Q

stimulates the appetite

A

orexigenic neurons

46
Q

one of the most potent
stimulators of feeding

A

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

47
Q

Co-express NPY and AgRP

A

Orexigenic Neurons

48
Q

NPY and AgRP

A

increase food intake & decrease energy expenditure

stimulated by Ghrelin

49
Q

Co-express POMC and CART

A

Anorexigenic Neurons

50
Q

POMC and CART

A

suppress food intake & increase energy expenditure

stimulated by leptin

51
Q
A

Endocrinology (10 decks)

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