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Endocrinology > Pancreas > Flashcards

Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What state are nutrients stored?

A

fed

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2
Q

what state are nutrients oxidized for energy production

A

fasting

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3
Q

broken down into sugar and is on the metabolic pathway of glycolysis

A

carbs

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4
Q

stored as glycogen or fat

A

carbs

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5
Q

broken down into fatty acids and glycerol with the metabolic pathway of Beta-Oxidation

A

Fats

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6
Q

stored as triglycerides in fat cells

A

Fats

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7
Q

Broken down into amino acids with the metabolic pathway of transamination

A

proteins

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8
Q

stored as glycogen or fat

A

proteins

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9
Q

a critical (and tightly
regulated) source of energy

A

glucose

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10
Q

the primary energy
substrate of
the brain.

A

glucose

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11
Q

Which portion of the pancreas is made of acinar and ductal cells

A

Exocrine portion

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12
Q

Produces and secretes digestive enzymes into intestines via pancreatic duct

A

Exocrine portion

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13
Q

What part of the pancreas is made of Islets of Langerhans (small
pockets of highly vascularized tissue
distributed throughout)

A

endocrine portion

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14
Q

Produces and secretes hormones

A

endocrine portion

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15
Q

What are the 3 cells that the Islets of Langerhans produces

A

Alpha cells
Beta cells
Delta cells

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16
Q

Released by alpha cells which leads to blood sugar increasing

A

alpha cell

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17
Q

Released by Beta cells which leads to a blood sugar decrease

A

insulin

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18
Q

an Anabolic Hormone
(energy storage)

A

insulin

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19
Q

target tissues of insulin

A

Target tissues: skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue

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20
Q

increase of glucose uptake in tissues

A

insulin

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21
Q

increase in glucose storage

A

insulin

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22
Q

increase of fat synthesis

A

insulin

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23
Q

increase of protein synthesis

A

insulin

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24
Q

molecules are
built up to more complex
ones; requires energy

A

anabolism

25
Q

What type of hormone is insulin?

A

Peptide hormone

26
Q

Acts through Tyrosine Kinase Receptors

A

Insulin

27
Q

decreases blood glucose levels by:
* Enhancing uptake of glucose into cells
* Enhancing storage of glucose

A

insulin

28
Q

Liver’s role in glucose regulation

A
  1. stores glucose by converting it into glycogen (glycogenesis)
  2. releases glucose to circulation by breaking down glycogen (glycogenolysis)
  3. produces glucose from amino acids (gluconeogenesis)
29
Q

Skeletal Muscle’s role in glucose regulation

A
  1. Takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen
  2. Releases glucose from stored glycogen, primarily for muscle contractions
30
Q

what is adipose tissue’s role in glucose regulation

A
  1. Takes up glucose and converts it into triglycerides for storage
  2. Releases fatty acids from stored triglycerides into circulation Role of Target Tissues in Glucose Regulation
31
Q

the primary insulin-
regulated glucose
transporter

A

GLUT4

32
Q

How does insulin increase glucose uptake?

A

Glucose transporters (GLUT) move glucose into
the cell and insulin
increases them

33
Q

How does insulin increase glucose storage?

A

Glucose can’t be stored; it needs to be converted to glycogen (glycogenesis)

34
Q

What stimulates the conversion of glucose to glycogen

A

insulin stimulates the conversion of glucose to glycogen

35
Q

the main fat storage hormone. It tells adipose tissue to store fat and
prevents stored fat from being broken down

A

insulin

36
Q

the most important regulator of insulin secretion

A

rise in blood glucose

37
Q

will inhibit further insulin secretion (negative feedback)

A

decrease in blood glucose

38
Q

break down
of complex molecules;
releases energy

A

catabolism

39
Q

a Catabolic Hormone
(energy utilization)

A

Glucagon

40
Q

Effects of Glucagon

A

increase in glycogen breakdown

increase glucose synthesis

increase fat breakdown

increase protein breakdown

increase formation of ketone bodies

41
Q

All the effects of glucagon are mediated by

A

cAMP

42
Q

Main function of glucagon

A

oppose actions of insulin
(liberates stored energy / glucose mobilization)

43
Q

glucagon increase blood glucose levels by

A

breaking down stored glycogen and new glycogen synthesis

44
Q

are made when glucose is in short supply. They are made in the liver from the breakdown of fatty acids.

A

ketones

45
Q

body doesn’t have enough carbohydrates (glucose) to utilize for energy, so it breaks down fat instead to make ketones

A

ketosis

46
Q

the most important regulator of glucagon secretion

A

A drop in blood glucose

47
Q

Characterized by elevated (fasting) blood glucose levels

A

Hyperglycemic

48
Q

symptoms of diabetes

A
  • Increased thirst (polydipsia)
  • Increased appetite (polyphagia)
  • Increased need to urinate (polyuria)
49
Q

insulin-dependent diabetes; caused by destruction of islet cells as a result of an autoimmune reaction to Beta cells (insufficient insulin)

A

Type I diabetes

50
Q

non-insulin-dependent diabetes; caused by a defect in insulin
function (insulin not being properly used)

A

Type II Diabetes

51
Q

temporary insulin resistance during late pregnancy

A

gestational diabetes

52
Q

Caused by autoimmune response in genetically predisposed individuals

A

Type I Diabetes

53
Q

Develop antibodies targeting beta
cells leads to

A

the destruction of beta cells

54
Q

Insulin is produced, but hyperglycemia
is not corrected due to insulin resistance in target tissues.

A

Type II Diabetes

55
Q

Causes of Insulin resistance

A
  1. Obesity interfering with signaling
    -Lipid accumulation in tissues
    -Inflammation
    -Insulin receptor desensitization
    -High leptin (it inhibits insulin)
  2. Direct dysfunction of insulin receptors (e.g., mutation in receptor)
    Type 2 Diabetes: Insulin
    Resistance
56
Q

Insulin resistance combined with minimal insulin secretion triggers

A

Type II Diabetes

57
Q

main cause of
insulin resistance

A

visceral fat

58
Q
A

Endocrinology (5 decks)

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