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Endocrinology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what was berthold’s conclusion

A
  • There must be a ‘secretory, blood-borne factor” responsible for the effects of the male chicken developing
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2
Q

Horsley and Murray conclusion

A
  • Successfully used organotherapy
  • Horsley removed thyroids in monkeys and they developed hypothyroidism
  • Murray developed extract from sheep thyroid which was a successful replacement treatment
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3
Q

Bayliss and Starling

A
  • First to put a name to hormones
  • Pancreas’s only connection with body is via blood vessels which means there must be a chemical in the blood.
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3
Q

Halban conclusion

A
  • Glands don’t communicate through nerves but instead internal secretions
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4
Q

How to design endocrine experiments

A

REMOVE IT AND PUT IT BACK (RORO)

  • Remove
  • Observe
  • Replace
  • Observe restoration
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5
Q

Hormone

A

Regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids, such as blood, to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action

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6
Q

What are the two types of local communication

A

autocrine
paracrine

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7
Q

How does autocrine work?

A

substance released by the cell as a self regulator

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8
Q

How does paracrine work?

A

substance is released to a target cell nearby. This results in quick responses that only last a short time

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9
Q

Long Distance messenger

A

Endocrine

substances are released and travel to distant cells through the blood. relatively slow

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10
Q

3 types of hormones

A

peptides
steroids
monoamine hormones

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11
Q

What determines transport

A

water solubility

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12
Q

hydrophobic

A

not water soluble. hormone needs help moving through the blood

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13
Q

hydrophilic

A

water soluble. can move freely through the blood

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14
Q

what influences hormone-cell interactions

A

lipid solubility

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15
Q

lipophilic
lipophobic

A

lipophilic can move easily across membrane barriers while lipophobic needs help moving across

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16
Q

Characteristics of peptide/protein hormones

A

structure: chain of amino acids

water soluble

lipid insoluble

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17
Q

how many amino acids on each

peptides
polypeptides
proteins
glycoproteins

A

peptides- less than 20
polypeptides- 20 -100
proteins- more than 100
glycoproteins - carbohydrate added

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18
Q

Peptide synthesis

A

encoded by genes (translation and transcription)

original translate protein is called pre-prohormone or prohormone these must undergo translational modifications

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19
Q

peptide storage

A

stored in endocrine gland in secretory vesicles until release is triggered

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20
Q

peptide signaling

A

binds to cell surface receptors - fast 2nd messenger signals

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21
Q

Characteristics of Steroid Hormones

A

chemical strucuture - carbon ring

hydrophobic
lipidphilic
all derived from cholesteral

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22
Q

where are steroid hormones produced

A

adrenal glands, gonads, and some additional tissue

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23
Q

steroid storage

A

cannot be stored. made on demand

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24
Q

steroid signaling

A

binds to intracellular receptors; slow genomic effect

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25
Q

Specificity

A

receptors bind to only one hormone or class of hormone

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26
Q

characteristics of hormones

A

distinguish a hormone from other molecules with similar structures

bind to hormone even when concentration is low

conformational change when bound to the hormone

catalyze biochem events

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27
Q

Types of Receptors

A

Intracellular (in cytosol and nucleus; steroids and thryoid hormones)

membrane-bound (on cell surface; peptide and most monoamines)

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28
Q

what influences sensitivity of target cells

A
  1. hormone concentration
  2. receptor affinity
  3. # of receptors
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29
Q

negative feedback regulation

A

hormones or their physiological responses inhibit further secretion. Most hormones are regulated this way.

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30
Q

positive feedback

A

hormones cause even more hormones to be
released. Drive for secretion becomes progressively more
intense until it terminates with some cataclysmic event

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31
Q

down-regulation

A

tissue decreases receptors

less sensitive to hormone

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32
Q

up-regulation

A

tissue increases receptors

more sensitive to a hormone

seen when hormone levels are chronically low

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33
Q

synergistic effects

A

2 hormones with similar effects produced an amplified response

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34
Q

antagonistic effect

A

2 hormones have opposing effects, usually act to maintain homeostasis

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35
Q

permissive effects

A

one hormone enables another to act, even though the hormone itself does not initiate the response. 2 hormones acting together may produce an effect neither can make alone

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36
Q

agonists

A

bind to the receptor and
produce a similar response to the intended hormone because they are so structurally similar

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37
Q

antagonistic

A

bind to the receptor
but don’t produce a response, because they are just structurally similar enough to have a high
affinity but not to activate it. Prevents the hormone from binding.

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38
Q

heat shock proteins

A

bind to the intracellular receptor when hormone is not present

released when hormone arrives

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39
Q

Hormone response element

A

portion of dna receptors bind to.

40
Q

2 main forms of membrane-bound receptors

A

2nd messenger (G-protein)

intrinsic enzymatic activity (tyrosine kinase)

41
Q

G-protein signaling basics

A

3 subunits

42
Q

effector enzyme

A

target of activated G
proteins that produce second messengers

43
Q

second messengers

A

intracellular signaling
molecules released by the cell in response to
exposure to a hormone

44
Q

alpha subunit

A

Alpha (s) - adenylyl cyclase - cAMp

Alpha (I) - adenylyl cyclase - cAMP

Alpha (q) - phospholipase C - IP3/calcium

45
Q

Serotonin as neurotransmitter

A

mood
feelings of relaxation and sleep
memory processing
cognition/learning

46
Q

serotonin as hormone (in gut)

A

satiety
digestion/nutrients absorption
gut motility

47
Q

Dopamine as neurotransmitter

A

motivation/pleasure seeking

cognition/memory

fine tuning of motor functions

48
Q

dopamine as hormone

A

secreted by hypothalamus to regulate
prolactin secretion (“prolactin-inhibiting
hormone”)

49
Q

dopamine mesolimbic pathway

A

Dopaminergic neurons project from ventral tegmental area (VTA) to nucleus accumbens (NA)

  • NA is part of the limbic system - network of connected structures that influence emotions, motivation, and memory
  • Functions: motivation, emotions, reward, and addiction
50
Q

dopamine mesocortical pathway

A
  • Dopaminergic neurons project from
    ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the
    cortex (mostly frontal lobe)
  • Functions: cognition and emotions
51
Q

Dopamine nigrostriatal pathway

A
  • Dopaminergic neurons project from
    substantia nigra to striatum and
    basal ganglia
  • Functions: voluntary movement
52
Q

Dopamine tuberinfundibular pathway

A
  • Dopaminergic neurons project from
    hypothalamus to pituitary
  • Dopamine is released into circulation

functions: inhibits prolactin release

53
Q

Dopamine and Parkinson’s

A

Parkinson’s Disease: lose ability to control movements due to the death of dopamine secreting cells

54
Q

Dopamine and Schizophrenia

A

Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia:
* Too much dopamine in the mesolimbic
pathway - hallucinations
* Too little dopamine in the mesocortical pathway - cognitive symptoms

55
Q

grows out of the digestive tract of the embryo

A

anterior pituitary

56
Q

anterior pituitary cell types

A

acidophils
basophils
chromophobes

56
Q

extension of the brain

A

posterior pituitary

57
Q

posterior pituitary cell types

A

nerve cells

58
Q

connects to the hypothalamus via the hypophyseal portal system (blood vessels)

A

Anterior Pituitary Lobe

59
Q

connects to the hypothalamus via neurons

A

posterior pituitary lobe

60
Q

posterior pituitary has 2 regions

A
  • Pars nervosa – largest region and where most hormones are stored
  • Infundibular stalk – connects the pars nervosa to the base of the brain
61
Q

largest region and where most hormones are stored

A

pars nervosa

62
Q

connects the pars nervosa to the base of the brain

A

infundibular stalk

63
Q

Posterior Pituitary function

A

does not produce hormones. Just stores and secretes two protein hormones.

Arginine vasopressin
Oxytocin

Hormone secretion is regulated by the hypothalamus via nerve cells

64
Q

Arginine Vasopressin

A

Target organs are kidneys and blood vessels

65
Q

2 major vasopressin receptors

A

V1- located on blood vessels and stimulates vascular smooth muscle contraction

V2- located on kidneys and stimulates reabsorption of water into the blood

66
Q

Regulated by baroreceptors in blood vessels that detect decreases in blood
pressure/volume and signal the hypothalamus to trigger secretion of vasopressin

A

V1 - Vasopressin

67
Q

Regulated by osmoreceptors that
detect increases in osmolality and
signal secretion of ADH

A

V2 - Anti-Diuretic Hormone

68
Q

Oxytocin Functions

A

The primary target organs are muscles in the:

Uterus - stimulates the uterine muscles
to contract during childbirth

Breasts - promotes ejection of milk
through ducts during lactation

69
Q

what is the love hormone

A

oxytocin

70
Q

Anterior Pituitary Anatomy

A

Pars Distalis
pars intermedia
pars tuberalis

71
Q

largest region and where most hormones are produced

A

pars distalis

72
Q

resides next
to the posterior pituitary;
produces one main hormone

A

pars intermedia

73
Q

extends from pars distalis and wraps around the infundibulum, contains
blood vessels

A

pars tuberalis

74
Q

produces
and secretes most of the
hormones of the pituitary

A

anterior pituitary

75
Q

Hormone secretion is
regulated by the
hypothalamus via the

A

hypophyseal portal
system

76
Q

pituitary cell type that contains polypeptides

A

acidophils

77
Q

pituitary cell type that contains glycoproteins

A

basophils

78
Q

pituitary cell type that contains minimal hormone content

A

chromophobes

79
Q

secreted from acidophils

A

prolactin and growth hormone

80
Q

secreted from basophils

A

FSH
LH
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
ACTH

81
Q

corticotropin hormone - CRH - Pituitary (acth)- adrenal hormone

A

HPA axis

82
Q

GnRH - LH and FSH - gonadal hormone

A

HPG axis

83
Q

thyrotropin releasing hormone - TRH - TSH - thyroid hormone

A

HPT axis

84
Q

Its only known physiological role is to
stimulate secretion of thyroid
hormones
(T3 and T4)  regulate metabolic
rate and energy expenditure

A

TSH

85
Q

Targets the gonads and promotes secretion of sex steroids

A

FSH and LH

86
Q

promotes growth of ovarian follicles and stimulates sperm
production in testes

A

FSH

87
Q

induces ovulation and stimulates secretion of sex steroids from
ovaries and testes

A

LH

88
Q

Regulation of FSH and LH Secretion

A

LH is favored with fast pulses

FSH is favored with slow pulses

89
Q

Targets the adrenal glands and promotes glucocorticoid secretion
(cortisol and/or corticosterone)

A

ACTH

90
Q

plays a role
in metabolism, immune
function, and stress responses

A

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis

91
Q

is stimulated by the
hypothalamic secretion of prolactin-
releasing hormone

Main function: promote lactation for breastfeeding

A

Prolactin

92
Q

targets most cells in the body, but primarily bone, muscle, and liver where it promotes protein synthesis and tissue building.

A

Growth Hormone

93
Q

Growth hormone is inhibited by hypothalamic secretion of

A

somatostatin

94
Q

is characterized by excess growth hormone after puberty, often because
of a non-cancerous tumor on the pituitary gland.

A

Acromegaly

95
Q

is characterized by excessive growth in children when growth hormone levels are too high before puberty. Typically caused by a non-cancerous pituitary
tumor.

A

gigantism

96
Q

is characterized by short stature with normal
body proportions and normal mental development. Adult height is less than 4’10”. Can be present at birth or develop later.

A

Pituitary dwarfism

97
Q
A

Endocrinology (10 decks)

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