Test 1 Flashcards
what was berthold’s conclusion
- There must be a ‘secretory, blood-borne factor” responsible for the effects of the male chicken developing
Horsley and Murray conclusion
- Successfully used organotherapy
- Horsley removed thyroids in monkeys and they developed hypothyroidism
- Murray developed extract from sheep thyroid which was a successful replacement treatment
Bayliss and Starling
- First to put a name to hormones
- Pancreas’s only connection with body is via blood vessels which means there must be a chemical in the blood.
Halban conclusion
- Glands don’t communicate through nerves but instead internal secretions
How to design endocrine experiments
REMOVE IT AND PUT IT BACK (RORO)
- Remove
- Observe
- Replace
- Observe restoration
Hormone
Regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids, such as blood, to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action
What are the two types of local communication
autocrine
paracrine
How does autocrine work?
substance released by the cell as a self regulator
How does paracrine work?
substance is released to a target cell nearby. This results in quick responses that only last a short time
Long Distance messenger
Endocrine
substances are released and travel to distant cells through the blood. relatively slow
3 types of hormones
peptides
steroids
monoamine hormones
What determines transport
water solubility
hydrophobic
not water soluble. hormone needs help moving through the blood
hydrophilic
water soluble. can move freely through the blood
what influences hormone-cell interactions
lipid solubility
lipophilic
lipophobic
lipophilic can move easily across membrane barriers while lipophobic needs help moving across
Characteristics of peptide/protein hormones
structure: chain of amino acids
water soluble
lipid insoluble
how many amino acids on each
peptides
polypeptides
proteins
glycoproteins
peptides- less than 20
polypeptides- 20 -100
proteins- more than 100
glycoproteins - carbohydrate added
Peptide synthesis
encoded by genes (translation and transcription)
original translate protein is called pre-prohormone or prohormone these must undergo translational modifications
peptide storage
stored in endocrine gland in secretory vesicles until release is triggered
peptide signaling
binds to cell surface receptors - fast 2nd messenger signals
Characteristics of Steroid Hormones
chemical strucuture - carbon ring
hydrophobic
lipidphilic
all derived from cholesteral
where are steroid hormones produced
adrenal glands, gonads, and some additional tissue
steroid storage
cannot be stored. made on demand
steroid signaling
binds to intracellular receptors; slow genomic effect
Specificity
receptors bind to only one hormone or class of hormone
characteristics of hormones
distinguish a hormone from other molecules with similar structures
bind to hormone even when concentration is low
conformational change when bound to the hormone
catalyze biochem events
Types of Receptors
Intracellular (in cytosol and nucleus; steroids and thryoid hormones)
membrane-bound (on cell surface; peptide and most monoamines)
what influences sensitivity of target cells
- hormone concentration
- receptor affinity
- # of receptors
negative feedback regulation
hormones or their physiological responses inhibit further secretion. Most hormones are regulated this way.
positive feedback
hormones cause even more hormones to be
released. Drive for secretion becomes progressively more
intense until it terminates with some cataclysmic event
down-regulation
tissue decreases receptors
less sensitive to hormone
up-regulation
tissue increases receptors
more sensitive to a hormone
seen when hormone levels are chronically low
synergistic effects
2 hormones with similar effects produced an amplified response
antagonistic effect
2 hormones have opposing effects, usually act to maintain homeostasis
permissive effects
one hormone enables another to act, even though the hormone itself does not initiate the response. 2 hormones acting together may produce an effect neither can make alone
agonists
bind to the receptor and
produce a similar response to the intended hormone because they are so structurally similar
antagonistic
bind to the receptor
but don’t produce a response, because they are just structurally similar enough to have a high
affinity but not to activate it. Prevents the hormone from binding.
heat shock proteins
bind to the intracellular receptor when hormone is not present
released when hormone arrives