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Endocrinology > Male Reproduction > Flashcards

Male Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

present at birth (internal and external genitalia)

A

primary sex characteristics

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2
Q

emerge during puberty

A

secondary sex characteristics

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3
Q

gene on the Y
chromosome directs
male development

A

SRY gene

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4
Q

Two principal functions of the testes

A

sperm production

testosterone synthesis

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5
Q

Testes are primarily
regulated by the

A

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-
Gonadal (HPG) axis

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6
Q

secreted in a pulsatile
manner and causes the release of both LH and FSH

A

GnRH

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7
Q

favored with fast pulses of GnRH

A

LH

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8
Q

favored with slow pulses of GnRH

A

FSH

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9
Q

GnRH output altered by environmental and social factors

A

day length, stress, negative feedback from steroids, nutrition, ambient temperature, and the presence of a reproductive partner

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10
Q

a major regulator of GnRH neurons

A

KISS neuron

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11
Q

relay signals from
the periphery to GnRH neurons to regulate

A

KISS neurons and GnIH

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12
Q

receive signals about energy balance and convey this to GnRH neurons to regulate HPG axis activity

A

KISS neurons in the arcuate nucleus

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13
Q

KISS neurons have receptors for:

A

Leptin - high leptin/energy = positive signal from KISS neurons
ghrelin- low energy/low ghrelin = no signal from KISS neurons

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14
Q

Sex steroids regulate
GnRH indirectly through

A

KISS neurons

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15
Q

Puberty begins when

A

GnRH secretion is triggered by KISS

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16
Q

Maturation of Sertoli and Leydig Cells

A

puberty

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17
Q

stimulates spermatogenesis
(sperm production) in
Sertoli cells

A

FSH

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18
Q

stimulates
steroidogenesis in
Leydig cells

A

LH

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19
Q

Testosterone is produced by the interstitial blank cells, which lie in clusters between the seminiferous tubules

A

leydig cells

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20
Q

the principal role is the synthesis and secretion of testosterone

A

leydig cells

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21
Q

Comprised of supporting cells (Sertoli cells) and developing sperm cells

A

Seminiferous Tubules

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22
Q

Sperm are formed and develop within

A

Seminiferous Tubules

23
Q

are needed for maximal sperm production

A

testosterone from Leydig cells

FSH

24
Q

sperm cell development through mitotic and meiotic divisions and finally a metamorphic change to produce spermatozoa

A

Spermatogenesis

25
Q

takes ~72 days but sperm
are produced
continuously (>200
million/day)

A

Spermatogenesis

26
Q

support and nourish the immature sperm cell in Seminiferous Tubules by giving them nutrients and blood products

A

sertoli cells

27
Q

seminiferous tubule cell developing into sperm

A

Spermatocytes

28
Q

seminiferous tubule cells that are stem cells

A

Spermatogonium

29
Q

stimulates Sertoli cell functions

are the only cells with FSH receptors in human males

A

FSH

30
Q

Secretes androgen-binding protein (ABP) = carrier protein that concentrates
testosterone in testes

A

sertoli cells

31
Q

Produce nutrients for sperm

A

sertoli cells

32
Q

Forms the blood-testis barrier

A

sertoli cells

33
Q

Secretes inhibin

A

sertoli cells

34
Q

physical barrier between seminiferous tubules and
blood vessels; formed by tight junctions between Sertoli cells

A

Blood-testis barrier

35
Q

isolate differentiating sperm cells from the bloodstream

A

Blood-testis barrier

36
Q

Protein hormone secreted from Sertoli cells in response to FSH

A

inhibin

37
Q

Concentration in blood is reflective of the number of functioning
Sertoli cells and spermatogenesis

A

inhibin

38
Q

the primary testicular factor regulating FSH

Inhibits transcription of the gene encoding the β-subunit of FSH

A

Inhibin B

39
Q

The principal steroid hormone (aka androgen) produced from testes

A

testosterone

40
Q

Transported via carrier proteins:
-SHBG (sex-hormone binding globulin)
-Albumin

Binds to intracellular androgen receptor

A

testosterone

41
Q

Maturation of Reproductive Organs and
Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

puberty

42
Q

Effects of puberty

A
  • Pubic/facial hair & oil glands emerge
  • Reproductive tissues enlarge
  • Increased muscle mass (upper torso)
  • Larynx enlarges & vocal cords thicken
  • Increased sexual behavior (libido)
43
Q

Absence of testicular enlargement by age 14
-Causes: genetic delay in HPG axis development,
undernutrition, or illness

Development can be delayed for several years and eventually
occur normally (“constitutional delay”)

A

Delayed/Deficient Puberty

44
Q

Functional or persistent hypogonadism (low testosterone)
requires hormone replacement therapy due to

A

Delayed/Deficient Puberty

45
Q

Early puberty (< age 9 in males)

Causes: premature activation of HPG axis,
increased sensitivity to LH/FSH, or a tumor
disrupting negative feedback

Premature/rapid early growth leads to shorter stature as adults

Treatment – puberty blockers (suppress LH and FSH)

A

Precocious Puberty

46
Q

Functions of Testosterone & its Metabolites in Adults

A
  • Maintains secondary sex traits
  • Sperm production
  • Stimulate and maintain bones
  • Stimulate sexual behaviors
  • Negative feedback (primarily
    estrogen)
47
Q

ow testosterone that can cause infertility

A

hypogonadism

48
Q

decreases secretion of GnRH

A

obesity

49
Q

Progressive decline in testosterone
starting ~40 yrs. and sperm production
drops ~30%

A

old age

50
Q

decline in testosterone
production with age

A

Andropause

51
Q

Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are a
synthetic version of testosterone that
enhance androgenic effects, like larger
muscle mass, but you also get…
* Breast enlargement
* Reduced testicular size
* Low sperm count (infertility)

A

sex steroids to increase testosterone

52
Q

Effects of anabolic androgenic steroids on fertility

A

most likely will make you infertile

53
Q
A

Endocrinology (10 decks)

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