Thorax

Question 1

Phrenic Nerve

Answer 1

Originates C3-C5 ventral rami; passes between the heart and lung to pierce the diaphragm. It is important for breathing and passes motor information to diaphragm.
Travels with the pericardiacophrenic artery.

Question 2

Ductus Venosus

Answer 2

Shunt that bypasses the liver in fetus. Later will turn into ligamentum venosum.

Question 3

Foramen Ovale

Answer 3

Shunt located in the right atrium–>left atrium that does R–>L shunt; later will be closed off by a valve formed by the septum primum

Question 4

Ductus arteriosus

Answer 4

Shunt located between the left pulmonary artery and the aorta which allows baby to skip circulation to the lung; later it will turn into the ligamentum arteriosum.

Question 5

Mitral/Bicuspid Valve

Answer 5

Left Atrium to Left Ventricle

Question 6

Tricupid Valve

Answer 6

Right Atrium to Right Ventricle

Question 7

To remove fluid from a pleural effusion, where should needle be inserted?

Answer 7

For pleural effusion that is in the lung, best place to insert the needle will be in the midaxillary line superior to the inferior rib (because all intercostal nerves are located below each rib).

Question 8

Lingula

Answer 8

Located on the left lung, bottom left corner.

Question 9

3 Blood Vessels that come off Aortic Arch

Answer 9

Brachiocepahlic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian artery

Question 10

Tachycardia

Answer 10

abnormally rapid heart rate

Question 11

Atrial septal defect

Answer 11

hole in the septum wall of the two atriums (where foramen ovale is). This is usually present in birth if the hole didn’t close properly (to form septum primum)

Question 12

Coarctation of aorta

Answer 12

diagnosed as hypertension and differential pressures in the upper and lower extremities.

Question 13

Patent ductus arteriosus

Answer 13

condition where the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth. Will have characteristics such as tachycardia (rapid heart rate), machine line murmur, and bounding peripheral pulses.

Question 14

costodiaphragmatic recess

Answer 14

is the lowest extent of the pleural cavity or sac. Because this is the most inferior part of the pleural sac, fluid in the sac will fall to this region when a patient sits up. This is also the area into which a needle is inserted for a thoracocentesis.

Question 15

cupola

Answer 15

part of the pleural cavity which extends above the level of the 1st rib into the root of the neck. Covers the apex of lungs

Question 16

hilar reflection

Answer 16

point at the root of the lung where the mediastinal pleura is reflected and becomes continuous with teh visceral pleura

Question 17

oblique sinus

Answer 17

“cul de sac” in the heart. located behind the left atrium of the heart where the serous pericardium reflects onto the inferior vena cava and pulmonary veins

Question 18

transverse sinus

Answer 18

you can slip your fingers into this space; it is located between the aorta and pulmonary trunk

Question 19

Descending aorta region

Answer 19

T3-T11

Question 20

Fascia Planes

Answer 20

Can have things (such as products of infection) make its way down to the thorax/chest cavity. from the head and neck

Question 21

Azygos Vein

Answer 21

Drains into the superior vena cava

Question 22

Hemiazygos Vein & Accessory Hemiazygos Vein

Answer 22

Accessory: receives bronchial veins from left lung, upper 3-5 left posterior intercostal veins and will then join either azygos/hemiazygos vein.

Hemiazygos- drains lower eight/night left posterior intercostal veins and will join the azygos vein

Question 23

Least Splanchnic Nerve

Answer 23

T12; innervates gonads, kidneys, proximal uterus

Question 24

Splanchnic Nerve

Answer 24

a preganglionic sympathetic fiber that goes into the sympathetic chain and will come out of it WITHOUT synapsing.
These are seen in celiac, superior mesenteric ganglion, and inferior mesenteric ganglion.

Question 25

Vagus Nerve

Answer 25

originates from the head and goes all the way to the abdomen. In the esophagus, it will be split up into smaller branches. Left side will go anterior, right side will go posterior. Both anterior and posterior will go into vagal trunks.
Also innervates part of the trachea (vasocontrictor)

also, carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to cardiac plexuses, which from there post ganglionics will reach the heart (remember parasympathetic decreases heart rate)

Question 26

Diaphragm Thoracic Piercings

Answer 26

IVC- T8
Esophagus - T10
Aorta- T12

Question 27

True Ribs

Answer 27

Ribs 1-7; connected to sternum

Question 28

False Ribs

Answer 28

Ribs 8-12; Do not directly connect to the sternum, instead they are fused to the costal cartilages which connect directly to the sternum. Only 11 and 12 don’t connect to a costal cartilage.

Question 29

Floating Ribs

Answer 29

Ribs 11-12; Do not connect to any intercostal cartilages and therefore have no connection (directly/indirectly) to the sternum/chest wall.

Question 30

Parts of the Sternum

Answer 30

Manubrium, Sternum angle (2nd rib), Sternum body, xiphoid process

Question 31

Mediastinum

Answer 31

Middle section of the thoracic cavity that separates the lungs/pleural cavities. It contains the thoracic organs: heart, thymus, trachea, esophagus)

Question 32

Pleural cavity aka pleaural potentional space

Answer 32

thin fluid-filled space between the partial pleural and the visceral pleural of the lung.

Question 33

costomediastinal recess

Answer 33

is a potential space located at the middle (mediastinal) of the left lung. It is irrelevant on the right lung because it is so small.

Question 34

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Answer 34

accessory muscle involved in inspiration; helps to elevate the sternum and clavicle thus expanding the thoracic cavity

Question 35

Scalene muscles

Answer 35

3 of them: anterior, middle, and posterior. Accessory muscles important for inspiration.
They attach to the first 2 ribs and elevate the ribs therefore expanding the thoracic cavity.

Question 36

External & Internal intercostal muscles

Answer 36

principal muscles in inspiration, they elevate the ribs.

Question 37

Root of Lung Location

Answer 37

at the mediastinal surface

Question 38

Hilus of lung

Answer 38

Located at the root of the lung, It is a piece of tissue or something that encases the main bronchus and vasculature (1 pulmonary artery, 2pulmonary veins, lymphatics).

Question 39

Right lung characteristics

Answer 39

Superior, middle and inferior lobes; has more capacity than left lung and it is also shorter and wider than left lung, has both oblique (5th intercostal space) and horizontal (minor) fissure (3rd intercostal space)

Question 40

Left lung characteristics

Answer 40

superior and inferior lobes; has the lingula and cardiac notch, has the costomediastinal recess, oblique fissures only

Question 41

Right Main Bronchus

Answer 41

Shorter and wider than left main bronchus and is more in line with the trachea

Question 42

Cisterna Chyli

Answer 42

membranous structure located at the end of the thoracic duct into which lymph from intestinal trunk and lumbar flows into

Question 43

Anterior Interventricular Artery (LAD) travels with?

Answer 43

Great cardiac vein

Question 44

Right Marginal branch of Right coronary artery travels with?

Answer 44

small cardiac vein

Question 45

Posterior interventricular artery travels with?

Answer 45

middle cardiac vein