Thoracic Limb 2 Flashcards
In the horse, what are the two insertions of the biceps brachii m.?
Deep: radial tuberosity
Superficial: proximal MC 3
What is the superficial part of the biceps brachii called and what does it blend with?
lacertus fibrosus; blends with epimysium of extensor carpi radialis
In the horse, what is the origin and insertion of the flexor carpi radialis?
O: medial epicondyle of humerus
I: proximal MC bones
In the horse, what are the 2 heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris and where do they insert?
ulnar and humeral; insert on the accessory carpal bone
In the horse, what is the origin and insertion of the superficial digital flexor?
O: medial epicondyle of humerus
I: distal P1, proximal P2 (like the pelvic limb)
What species have check ligaments?
horse only
In the horse, where does the superior/proximal check ligament originate and insert?
O: distal radius
I: tendon of the superficial digital flexor
In the horse, what are the 3 heads of the deep digital flexor and where do they insert?
ulnar, humeral, radial; insert on P3
In the horse, where does the inferior/distal check ligament originate and insert?
O: fascia over the carpal bones
I: tendon of the deep digital flexor
Which check ligament is almost always present in the horse and what is its relative thickness to the other check ligament?
inferior/distal check lig; is THICK compared to the superior/proximal
What is the range of movement of the carpal (knee) joint?
flexion and extension only
What happens in the carpal (knee) joint as the thoracic limb comes under weight?
Shock is transmitted up the limb, reaches the carpal area, carpal bones are able to expand and contract, and the ligaments keep everything together.
What can happen to the carpal region when it comes under excessive force (especially in racehorses, for example)?
Can end up with hyperextension, +/- fractured bones
What ligaments in the carpal region are very robust?
collateral ligaments
How many joint capsules does the carpal region have?
1 (there are individual sacs surrounding each joint, however)
What are the 3 joints of the carpal region?
- Antebrachiocarpal
- Middle carpal
- Carpometacarpal
Which joints of the carpal region communicate with each other?
middle and carpometacarpal
Which joint of the carpal region is on its own/does NOT communicate with other joints?
antebrachiocarpal joint
Where is the antebrachiocarpal joint located?
Carpal region - bt radius and proximal carpal bones
Where is the middle carpal joint located?
Carpal region - bt proximal and distal carpal bones
Where is the carpometacarpal joint located?
Carpal region - bt distal carpal bones and MC bones
How many injections are needed when treating the carpal region for full anesthesia?
2
How many degrees of flexion can you have across the entire carpal region?
135
Which carpal joint has the greatest range of flexion and how many degrees is it?
Antebrachiocarpal joint - 90 degrees