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Anatomy > Thoracic Limb 2 > Flashcards

Thoracic Limb 2 Flashcards

1
Q

In the horse, what are the two insertions of the biceps brachii m.?

A

Deep: radial tuberosity
Superficial: proximal MC 3

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2
Q

What is the superficial part of the biceps brachii called and what does it blend with?

A

lacertus fibrosus; blends with epimysium of extensor carpi radialis

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3
Q

In the horse, what is the origin and insertion of the flexor carpi radialis?

A

O: medial epicondyle of humerus
I: proximal MC bones

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4
Q

In the horse, what are the 2 heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris and where do they insert?

A

ulnar and humeral; insert on the accessory carpal bone

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5
Q

In the horse, what is the origin and insertion of the superficial digital flexor?

A

O: medial epicondyle of humerus
I: distal P1, proximal P2 (like the pelvic limb)

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6
Q

What species have check ligaments?

A

horse only

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7
Q

In the horse, where does the superior/proximal check ligament originate and insert?

A

O: distal radius
I: tendon of the superficial digital flexor

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8
Q

In the horse, what are the 3 heads of the deep digital flexor and where do they insert?

A

ulnar, humeral, radial; insert on P3

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9
Q

In the horse, where does the inferior/distal check ligament originate and insert?

A

O: fascia over the carpal bones
I: tendon of the deep digital flexor

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10
Q

Which check ligament is almost always present in the horse and what is its relative thickness to the other check ligament?

A

inferior/distal check lig; is THICK compared to the superior/proximal

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11
Q

What is the range of movement of the carpal (knee) joint?

A

flexion and extension only

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12
Q

What happens in the carpal (knee) joint as the thoracic limb comes under weight?

A

Shock is transmitted up the limb, reaches the carpal area, carpal bones are able to expand and contract, and the ligaments keep everything together.

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13
Q

What can happen to the carpal region when it comes under excessive force (especially in racehorses, for example)?

A

Can end up with hyperextension, +/- fractured bones

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14
Q

What ligaments in the carpal region are very robust?

A

collateral ligaments

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15
Q

How many joint capsules does the carpal region have?

A

1 (there are individual sacs surrounding each joint, however)

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16
Q

What are the 3 joints of the carpal region?

A
  1. Antebrachiocarpal
  2. Middle carpal
  3. Carpometacarpal
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17
Q

Which joints of the carpal region communicate with each other?

A

middle and carpometacarpal

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18
Q

Which joint of the carpal region is on its own/does NOT communicate with other joints?

A

antebrachiocarpal joint

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19
Q

Where is the antebrachiocarpal joint located?

A

Carpal region - bt radius and proximal carpal bones

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20
Q

Where is the middle carpal joint located?

A

Carpal region - bt proximal and distal carpal bones

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21
Q

Where is the carpometacarpal joint located?

A

Carpal region - bt distal carpal bones and MC bones

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22
Q

How many injections are needed when treating the carpal region for full anesthesia?

A

2

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23
Q

How many degrees of flexion can you have across the entire carpal region?

A

135

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24
Q

Which carpal joint has the greatest range of flexion and how many degrees is it?

A

Antebrachiocarpal joint - 90 degrees

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25
Q

How many degrees of flexion does the middle carpal joint have?

A

45

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26
Q

Which carpal joint has the least range of flexion and how many degrees is it?

A

Carpometacarpal joint - it is immotile (0 degrees flexion or extension)

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27
Q

What is the range of movement of the elbow (cubital) joint?

A

flexion and extension only

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28
Q

What reinforces the restricted range of movement of the cubital joint?

A

substantial medial and lateral collateral ligaments

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29
Q

How does the radius articulate with the humerus?

A

When the humerus is engaged with the radius, it is on a flat part of the humerus

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30
Q

Where does the central part of the articular surface between the humerus and radius sit in relation to the collateral ligaments?

A

cranial to the collateral ligaments

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31
Q

What does the cranial orientation of the articular surface in relation to the collateral ligaments result in at the elbow joint?

A

A lot of surface tension in the ligaments and makes the joint stable at rest

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32
Q

What type of joint is the horse’s elbow at rest?

A

“snap” type joint; is stable at rest

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33
Q

How many joint capsules/sacs surroudn the elbow joint?

A

1 capsule, 1 sac

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34
Q

How many injections are needed in the elbow joint for anesthesia?

A

1

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35
Q

Where is the intertubercular bursa of the shoulder located?

A

Deep to the biceps brachii tendon

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36
Q

What is the function of the interbubercular bursa?

A

It is in place to help dissipate forces on the shoulder

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37
Q

Is the intertubercular bursa a true bursa in large animals?

A

Yes because it is separate from the joint space (however, it is not a true bursa in the small animal)

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38
Q

T/F: The shoulder joint has true collateral ligaments

A

False

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39
Q

What supplies medial stabilization to the shoulder joint?

A

subscapularis m.

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40
Q

What supplies lateral stabilization to the shoulder joint?

A

infraspinatus m.

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41
Q

What holds the tendon of the biceps brachii into the bicipital groove?

A

transverse humeral ligament

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42
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the transverse humeral ligament with the tendon of the biceps brachii?

A

It can become inflamed and cause severe lameness

43
Q

What is the axillary a. a continuation of?

A

subclavian a.

44
Q

What are the 3 branches of the axillary a.?

A
  1. Suprascapular a.
  2. Subscapular a.
  3. Cranial circumflex humeral a.
45
Q

Where does the suprascapular a. run?

A

goes around the cranial scapula

46
Q

Where does the subscapular a. run?

A

Bt the teres major and subscapular mm.

47
Q

What is a branch of the subscapular a. and what does it supply?

A

thoracodorsal a. –> latissimus dorsi m.

48
Q

What marks the transition from the axillary to brachial a.?

A

cranial circumflex humeral a.

49
Q

What are the branches of the brachial a.?

A
  1. Deep brachial a.
  2. Bicipital a.
  3. Transverse cubital a.
  4. Collateral ulnar a.
  5. Common interosseus a.
50
Q

Where does the deep brachial a. run?

A

Caudally to the triceps m.

51
Q

Where does the bicipital a. run?

A

Cranially to the flexors of the elbow

52
Q

Where does the transverse cubital a. run?

A

Cranially to the elbow

53
Q

Where does the collateral ulnar a. run?

A

Caudally to the antebrachium near the ulnar a.

54
Q

Where does the common interosseous a. run?

A

Caudally to the distal limb, through the proximal interosseous space

55
Q

What marks the transition bt the brachial and median a.?

A

common interosseous a.

56
Q

What does the median a. supply?

A

DISTAL LIMB!!!

57
Q

In the horse, what is the dorsal carpal rete and what does it give off?

A

dorsal carpal arterial network; gives off dorsal MC aa. II and III

58
Q

In the horse, where do the dorsal MC aa. II and III run?

A

Bt the cannon and splint bones (2nd and 4th MC bones) - but can vary bt individuals

59
Q

What is the primary supply to the distal thoracic limb?

A

median a.

60
Q

In the horse, what does the palmar branch of the median a. join and what do they become?

A

Joins collateral ulnar a. to become the lateral palmar a.

61
Q

In the horse, what does the deep branch from the lateral palmar a. fuse with and what do they form?

A

Fuses with the radial a. to become the proximal deep palmar arch.

62
Q

In the horse, what does the proximal deep palmar arch give off and where are these branches located in relation to the suspensory ligament?

A

Gives off medial and lateral palmar MC aa. that run deep to the suspensory ligament

63
Q

In the horse, what marks the transition from median a. to medial palmar a.?

A

The point at which the radial a. joins the median a.

64
Q

In the horse, what is the course of the medial palmar a. distally and what does it give rise to?

A

Moves deep to the digital flexor tendons and gives rise to medial and lateral palmar digital aa.

65
Q

In the rmt, what is the dorsal MC a. III similar to?

A

dorsal MT a. III

66
Q

In the rmt, where does the dorsal MC a. III run?

A

deep to the digital extensor tendons and lays in a groove made by the fused 3rd and 4th MC bones

67
Q

In the rmt, what are the 3 dorsal to palmar connections that come from the dorsal MC a. III?

A
  1. Proximal perforating branch (@ proximal cannon)
  2. Distal perforating branch (@ at distal cannon)
  3. Interdigital a. (bt P1 of digits 3 and 4)
68
Q

In the rmt, what comes off of the median a. above the hock?

A

Nothing (does not have a palmar branch like in the horse)

69
Q

In the rmt, what does the radial a. become just before the hock region?

A

medial palmar a.

70
Q

In the rmt, what makes up the proximal deep palmar arch and what does the arch give off?

A

Made up of deep branches from medial and lateral palmar aa.

Gives off palmar MC aa. II, III, IV

71
Q

In the rmt, what marks the transition bt the median a. and the palmar common digital a. III?

A

Branching of the distal deep palmar arch and lateral palmar a. @ fetlock

72
Q

How does the median a. reinforce the medial palmar a.?

A

By giving off the distal deep palmar arch.

73
Q

After the median a. gives off its branches at the fetlock, what do the medial and lateral palmar aa. become?

A

palmar common digital aa. II (medial) and IV (lateral), and eventually to the palmar proper digital aa.

74
Q

What forms the brachial plexus?

A

Ventral branches of spinal nn. from C6-T2

75
Q

Where does the suprascapular n. run?

A

Bt supraspinatus and subscapularis mm. along the cranial margin of the scapula

76
Q

What does the suprascapular n. supply?

A

Supraspinatus and infraspinatus mm.

77
Q

What happens if there is injury to the suprascapular n.?

A

Can have atrophy to the mm. (sweeny), prominent scapular spine, lateral deviation of the shoulder

78
Q

What is the proximal course of the musculocutaneous n.?

A

It forms a loop around the axillary n. to join the median n.

79
Q

What is another name for the axillary loop?

A

ansa axillaris

80
Q

What vessel is caudal to the musculocutaneous n.?

A

brachial a.

81
Q

What are the 2 branches of the musculocutaneous n.?

A

Proximal and distal to the biceps brachii and brachialis mm.

82
Q

What vessel is cranial to the ulnar n.?

A

axillary a.

83
Q

What nerve is caudal to the ulnar n.?

A

radial n. (it is HUGE)

84
Q

What does the radial n. innervate?

A

All extensors distal to the shoulder joint

85
Q

Where does the axillary n. run?

A

Bt the teres major and subscapularis mm.

86
Q

What does the axillary n. innervate?

A

Teres major, teres minor, deltoideus mm.

87
Q

What does the thoracodorsal n. innervate?

A

latissimus dorsi m.

88
Q

T/F: You can often see 2-4 subscapular nn.

A

True

89
Q

In the horse, what innervates the suspensory ligament in the pelvic limb?

A

lateral plantar n.

90
Q

In the horse, what innervates the suspensory ligament in the thoracic limb?

A

lateral palmar n.

91
Q

What is unique about the radial n. and its branches in the horse?

A

They do NOT extend below the carpus

92
Q

In the horse, what does the palmar branch of the median n. join and what do these become?

A

Joins ulnar palmar branch lateral palmar n.

93
Q

In the horse, what marks the transition from median n. to medial palmar n.?

A

Palmar branch of the median n.

94
Q

In the horse, what branch of the lateral palmar n. dives thru the suspensory ligament to give rise to the palmar MC nn?

A

ulnar part

95
Q

In the horse, what does the lateral palmar n. become at the fetlock?

A

lateral palmar digital n.

96
Q

In the horse, what does the medial palmar n. give off in the mid-cannon region and what does it join?

A

Gives off a communicating branch that joins with the lateral palmar n. over the SDF tendon.

97
Q

In the horse, what does the medial palmar n. become at the fetlock?

A

medial palmar digital n.

98
Q

In the rmt, what does the medial palmar n. give off in the mid-cannon region and what does it join?

A

Gives off a communicating branch that joins with the lateral palmar n. over the SDF tendon.

99
Q

In the rmt, after the communicating branch from the medial palmar n. joins the lateral palmar n., what is given off?

A

Common digital nn. II, III, IV

100
Q

If you block the median n., what other nerve is also blocked distally?

A

Medial palmar n.

101
Q

If you block the ulnar n., what other nerve is also blocked distally?

A

Lateral palmar n.

102
Q

In the rmt, where are regional anesthesia blocks performed in the distal limb?

A

Proximal part of the 3rd and 4th MC bones

103
Q

In the rmt, what are the 2 ulnar branches that are given off on the lateral distal limb?

A

Lateral palmar branch –> palmar surface of the suspensory ligament
Dorsal branch –> dorsal surface of the suspensory ligament

Anatomy (13 decks)

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