Birds 2

Question 1

What is the ceres and what can it be used for?

Answer 1

Area around the nostril; some spp it is pigmented and can help determine sex of the bird

Question 2

What are the parts of the nares and their functions?

Answer 2

1. Operculum = bony shelf sticking up above the edge of the nares
2. Nasal conchae = project up into the nares and help to disperse forces of air as if flows into the nares

Question 3

What is the infraorbital sinus continuous with and where is it located?

Answer 3

repiratory tract; located just under the eye

Question 4

What palate type do birds have?

Answer 4

hard only

Question 5

What is the infundibular cleft?

Answer 5

opening to the middle ears

Question 6

Where is the glottis found?

Answer 6

At the base of the tongue

Question 7

What is the syrinx and where is it located?

Answer 7

“Voice box”; it is usually singular and usually at the carina

Question 8

Can a bird make sounds while intubated and why/why not?

Answer 8

Yes; the syrinx is not where the ET tube would be, so can still vocalize even when intubated properly

Question 9

What does the larynx of the bird lack?

Answer 9

epiglottis and thyroid cartilage (only have arytenoids and cricoid cartilage)

Question 10

What does the bird trachea look like?

Answer 10

Has complete rings and is wide and long

Question 11

Why do you not want to inflate the cuff on an ET tube with a bird?

Answer 11

The trachea cannot expand bc of complete rings

Question 12

What adaptations do birds have to overcome having more dead space from a long trachea?

Answer 12

1. Larger tidal volume
2. Decreased frequency of respiration
3. Lungs are more efficient

Question 13

Where is the diaphragm located?

Answer 13

Birds don’t have diaphragms!!!! ;)

Question 14

How do birds breathe without a diaphragm?

Answer 14

They expand and contract volumes of thoracic and abdominal cavities and utilize air sacs

Question 15

What is the movement of bird lungs like?

Answer 15

They are rigid and stay the same size

Question 16

What are the air sacs in birds, and which are paired/unpaired?

Answer 16

Paired = clavicular
Unpaired = cervicocephalic, cranial thoracic, caudal thoracic, abdominal

Question 17

What is a pathology that can occur in the air sacs?

Answer 17

air saculitis –> pneumonia

Question 18

What is the purpose of air sac cannulation?

Answer 18

If the trachea is obstructed if doing surgery on upper respiratory tract (for example), you can poke a hole in the abdominal air sac and breathe for the bird that way

Question 19

What are the structures found in the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 19

Bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi (parabronchi), air vesicles, air capillaries

Question 20

What type of lung do birds have and what is it?

Answer 20

Paleopulmonic; one way airflow with countercurrent exchange

Question 21

Why are birds more efficient at extracting oxygen than mammals?

Answer 21

Due to the countercurrent exchange

Question 22

What is the less common type of lung that birds can have?

Answer 22

neopulmonic; present < 30% of the time, have bidirectional flow

Question 23

What is the cycle of respiration like?

Answer 23

Inspiration #1 - air pulled into caudal air sacs and some to lung
Expiration #1 - air continues through lung tissue
Inspiration #2 - air goes to cranial air sacs
Expiration #2 - gets rid of air

Question 24

How many cycles does it take for one breath to get through the respiratory tract?

Answer 24

2

Question 25

When can birds extract oxygen during respiration?

Answer 25

Throughout the entire cycle

Question 26

How many chambers does the heart have?

Answer 26

4

Question 27

How many brachiocephalic trunks does a bird have?

Answer 27

2

Question 28

Where does the external carotid artery branch?

Answer 28

Off of the internal carotid a.

Question 29

Where do the brachiocephalic trunks come off?

Answer 29

Off of the aorta

Question 30

How many cranial vena cavae do birds have?

Answer 30

2

Question 31

What major vein has a lot of anastomosis?

Answer 31

jugular

Question 32

Where is the jugular vein found, which species is it not well seen in, and which side is more developed?

Answer 32

Found in the apteryla of the neck; not seen well in pigeons; right side more developed

Question 33

What is another name for the ulnar vein?

Answer 33

wing vein or basilic vein

Question 34

Why is the jugular vein preferred for blood draws rather than the ulnar vein?

Answer 34

Ulnar vein tends to develop hematomas

Question 35

What is a good vein for blood draws in pigeons and why?

Answer 35

Caudal tibial vein because they do not have a prominent jugular

Question 36

What bone is preferred for setting an intraosseus catheter and why?

Answer 36

Ulna because the humerus is pneumonic (continuous with respiratory system so you can drown the bird if administering meds or fluids)

Question 37

How do you set an IO catheter at the ulna?

Answer 37

1. Pluck feathers off at the manus
2. Palpate divet between the radioulnar carpal bones
3. Screw the needle into the end of the ulna
4. If done correctly you can flush it and see flow through the ulnar vein

Question 38

Why is placing an IO catheter more difficult in the tibiotarsus?

Answer 38

It has more cortical bone

Question 39

What is a unique characteristic of avian RBCs?

Answer 39

they are nucleated

Question 40

What are two important leukocytes to know for birds and how are their granules shaped?

Answer 40

1. Heterophils (analogous to neutrophils) = have rod-shaped granules
2. Eosinophils = round granules

Question 41

How do avian thrombocytes and lymphocytes look compared to those of mammals?

Answer 41

they look similar