Birds 2 Flashcards
What is the ceres and what can it be used for?
Area around the nostril; some spp it is pigmented and can help determine sex of the bird
What are the parts of the nares and their functions?
- Operculum = bony shelf sticking up above the edge of the nares
- Nasal conchae = project up into the nares and help to disperse forces of air as if flows into the nares
What is the infraorbital sinus continuous with and where is it located?
repiratory tract; located just under the eye
What palate type do birds have?
hard only
What is the infundibular cleft?
opening to the middle ears
Where is the glottis found?
At the base of the tongue
What is the syrinx and where is it located?
“Voice box”; it is usually singular and usually at the carina
Can a bird make sounds while intubated and why/why not?
Yes; the syrinx is not where the ET tube would be, so can still vocalize even when intubated properly
What does the larynx of the bird lack?
epiglottis and thyroid cartilage (only have arytenoids and cricoid cartilage)
What does the bird trachea look like?
Has complete rings and is wide and long
Why do you not want to inflate the cuff on an ET tube with a bird?
The trachea cannot expand bc of complete rings
What adaptations do birds have to overcome having more dead space from a long trachea?
- Larger tidal volume
- Decreased frequency of respiration
- Lungs are more efficient
Where is the diaphragm located?
Birds don’t have diaphragms!!!! ;)
How do birds breathe without a diaphragm?
They expand and contract volumes of thoracic and abdominal cavities and utilize air sacs
What is the movement of bird lungs like?
They are rigid and stay the same size
What are the air sacs in birds, and which are paired/unpaired?
Paired = clavicular Unpaired = cervicocephalic, cranial thoracic, caudal thoracic, abdominal
What is a pathology that can occur in the air sacs?
air saculitis –> pneumonia
What is the purpose of air sac cannulation?
If the trachea is obstructed if doing surgery on upper respiratory tract (for example), you can poke a hole in the abdominal air sac and breathe for the bird that way
What are the structures found in the lower respiratory tract?
Bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi (parabronchi), air vesicles, air capillaries
What type of lung do birds have and what is it?
Paleopulmonic; one way airflow with countercurrent exchange
Why are birds more efficient at extracting oxygen than mammals?
Due to the countercurrent exchange
What is the less common type of lung that birds can have?
neopulmonic; present < 30% of the time, have bidirectional flow
What is the cycle of respiration like?
Inspiration #1 - air pulled into caudal air sacs and some to lung
Expiration #1 - air continues through lung tissue
Inspiration #2 - air goes to cranial air sacs
Expiration #2 - gets rid of air
How many cycles does it take for one breath to get through the respiratory tract?
2
When can birds extract oxygen during respiration?
Throughout the entire cycle
How many chambers does the heart have?
4
How many brachiocephalic trunks does a bird have?
2
Where does the external carotid artery branch?
Off of the internal carotid a.
Where do the brachiocephalic trunks come off?
Off of the aorta
How many cranial vena cavae do birds have?
2
What major vein has a lot of anastomosis?
jugular
Where is the jugular vein found, which species is it not well seen in, and which side is more developed?
Found in the apteryla of the neck; not seen well in pigeons; right side more developed
What is another name for the ulnar vein?
wing vein or basilic vein
Why is the jugular vein preferred for blood draws rather than the ulnar vein?
Ulnar vein tends to develop hematomas
What is a good vein for blood draws in pigeons and why?
Caudal tibial vein because they do not have a prominent jugular
What bone is preferred for setting an intraosseus catheter and why?
Ulna because the humerus is pneumonic (continuous with respiratory system so you can drown the bird if administering meds or fluids)
How do you set an IO catheter at the ulna?
- Pluck feathers off at the manus
- Palpate divet between the radioulnar carpal bones
- Screw the needle into the end of the ulna
- If done correctly you can flush it and see flow through the ulnar vein
Why is placing an IO catheter more difficult in the tibiotarsus?
It has more cortical bone
What is a unique characteristic of avian RBCs?
they are nucleated
What are two important leukocytes to know for birds and how are their granules shaped?
- Heterophils (analogous to neutrophils) = have rod-shaped granules
- Eosinophils = round granules
How do avian thrombocytes and lymphocytes look compared to those of mammals?
they look similar
